Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing（F.A.S.T） Essay

Presentation Target estimation is a logical method to get a decent comprehend about some essential properties of texture. In this lab, FAST framework can give the exact estimation to show pressure, augmentation, twisting and steadiness of texture. The point of this test is to foresee how a texture will perform when made up into an article of clothing. For texture manufactures,finishers and article of clothing makers, they can utilize the aftereffects of this test as a premise to do texture determination, item and procedure advancement, quality confirmation and procedure control(Giorgio M. Wharf, 1995). Test 2.1 Test Methodology The F.A.S.T framework, which was created by the Australian International Wool Bureau, comprises of three basic instruments and a test strategy. The FAST-1 pressure meter gives a precise estimation of texture thickness at different burden, and afterward surface layer thickness can be handily determined. With FAST-2, the texture twisting length can be estimated by British (Standard No.BS3356-1961). In this test, twisting length is changed over into bowing unbending nature which assumes a significant job in texture handle. Quick 3 is trying for texture extensibility at different burdens. As indicated by the aftereffects of this part, the capacity of a texture to oppose clasping can be uncovered. 2.2 Details of Samples Examined There are 9 texture tests (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I) which are completely made up by plain-woven. As per the various sizes and types, those nine examples were separated into three gatherings. Table I shows the distinction among those textures. 2.3 Apparatus and Procedure In the test, 5 texture tests (A,B,C,D,E) are squeezed under two unique heaps of 2g/ãž ¡ and 100 g/ãž ¡ separately. The texture thickness is shown with a micrometer goals on the screen. at that point surface layer thickness can be determined. Above all else, put test An on the reference surface of mechanical assembly and give a heap of 2g/ãž ¡ on the texture. In the wake of hearing the â€Å"beep† sound, record the information appeared on the screen. At that point do a similar oation with a heap of 100g/ãž ¡, record the information of T100. Rehash the means with test B,C,D,E,F. The FAST-2 deals with the cantilever principle,which includes pushing a texture over a vertical edge until it has twisted to indicated point of 41.5ëš. 6 examples are test in this part (twist A,B,C and weft D,E,F) light remove the street, expanding the length of the example holder is bowing length, which can ascertain the bowing firmness. From the start, put the example An on the plane of estimation instrument, at that point place a squeezing plate on it and guarantee the front of test surpasses 10mm than the plate. Furthermore, push the plate and test forward gradually after the screen shows start. Continuing pushing until the green light go to red, at that point push it back to make the light turn green once more. Record the information on the screen. The other five texture tests are likewise tried along these lines. Quick 3 expansion meter quantifies the texture extensibility in twist, weft and inclination headings under three fixed low loadings (5g/cm, 20 g/cm, 100 g/cm). Right off the bat, guarantee the entire test is did at a steady spot. Put all the weight on one side of plate and fix the example on the mechanical assembly. At that point expel theâ first weight (75g), and turn the handle clockwise gradually. In the wake of hearing â€Å"beep† sound, augmentation of E5 is shown on the screen. Next, expel the subsequent weight (400g), so that E20 can be estimated. At last, expelling all loads, get the information of E100. Rehash these activities with every one of the 9 examples individually. Conversation of Results and Conclusions In the wake of arranging and examining the FAST information, ten of them can be appeared on the siroFAST CONTROL CHART FOR TAILORABILITY to survey their properties (as appeared on the following page). The unique mark of E100-1,B2 and G are in the concealed zones which implies some potential issues affected by that property is demonstrated. The information of F-1 and F-2 which was determined from FAST-2 shows the great formability of both twist yarn and weft yarn, so they won't structure puckered creases either during or subsequent to sewing. Contrasting and E100-1 and E100-2, it is effectively to find that weft yarn of wood has a lower extensibility than twist yarn. It implies twist test can move around during cutting, however it additionally causes issue with estimating, design coordinating at the sewing stage, in light of the fact that E100-1 falls into the threat extend. As it was said by Jedda, â€Å" The boundary of twisting inflexibility identifies with the trouble with whic h a texture can be disfigured by bowing. Bowing unbending nature is especially basic in fitting lightweight fabrics.†( Jedda.H 2007) According to the diagram, both of twist yarn and weft yarn have a low benefits of Bending Rigidity which demonstrates issues in cutting, dealing with and sewing. Shear unbending nature which is determined from the predisposition extensibility estimated on FAST-3 can uncover the capacity of a texture to oppose clasping. For the predisposition tests in this test, they will be handily misshaped in laying-up, stamping and cutting, in light of the fact that the information of G is under the norm.

A Multicultural Celebration free essay sample

A Multicultural Celebration by Australian radio host, Paul Murray presents a wandering investigate Australias multicultural history and our quest for a national Identity. While I concur with the image that he paints of the consistent pattern of resistance to the different floods of vagrant kinds since our commencement, and how he shows that notwithstanding this, multiculturalism thrives, I can't help contradicting how Murray attempts to tie this with our quest for a national Identity.In this article the Australian resident who looks for a national personality is quieted by Murals excusal of the hunt as, navel-looking. He proceeds to state the inquiry is vain. He tries to supersede the qualities developed by ages of Australians of libertarianism, metathesis and opportunity with his own thought that we be characterized by multiculturalism alone.Murray utilizes a photographic montage, a fundamental body and a finishing up articulation to convince us that for longer than a century we have been glancing in an inappropriate spot for our national personality, and that we should, similar to America, characterize ourselves by multiculturalism. We will compose a custom article test on A Multicultural Celebration or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I think Murray neglects to win the contention. What the article ought to have done Is give us how multiculturalism can characterize us. It should transmit us one day of the year to navel-look, or consider what our identity is and for what reason must It be either multiculturalism or the three qualities expressed beforehand, populism, metathesis and opportunity, why not all four?Murray, with the end goal of this article, utilizes a painstakingly built photographic montage to incorporate defenders, Cough Whittle and Harold Holt, and rivals of multiculturalism, Sir Henry Parkers. He has envisioned Australia and its place on the planet overlaid on the Australian banner and connected it to the seal of American relocation, Give me your worn out, your poor, your clustered masses longing to inhale free. The group imagined on the correct hand side being managed by police likely could be those groups that accumulate for the Australia Day festivity administrations. The principle collection of Murray article on A Multicultural Celebration centers generally around how Australians have opposed multiculturalism throughout the hundreds of years, similar to today with the present floods of vessel individuals that we discover hard to acknowledge the characters have changed after some time however the perspectives have continued as before. Murray likewise attempts to enter the discussion about a national character by instructing us to drop the thought of correspondence, opportunity and metathesis cause they dont fundamentally characterize Australians as a country numerous social orders seek to them too.What Murray neglects to do is to integrate the two thoughts, multiculturalism and national personality. He just presents them at the end without revealing to us how multiculturalism ought to characterize us, he Just discloses to us that it should. Murray reveals to us that our movement experience is increasingly similar to Americas, yet he neglects to di sclose to us how America characterizes herself through multiculturalism. The way that the announcement, Our movement experience is substantially more like Americas is written in a lot bigger content and an alternate onto reveals to us that it Is imperative to Murray argument.However, he neglects to show how multiculturalism In any manner characterizes the American experience. America Is characterized obviously as the place that is known for the fearless and the home of the free. Murray finishing up articulation Is his last endeavor to pick up the perusers backing of his dust that we are characterized as a country by out extensively multicultural society and the accomplishment to activity is that we ought to be happy with having a national personality dependent on our capacity to live respectively calmly, being individuals of various races.

Thomas Friedman on Energy MIT

Thomas Friedman on Energy MIT We’re all aware of climate change and the impact that it will have on our future. MIT has been very active in developing solutions to energy challenges, and President Susan Hockfield established the MIT energy initiative in May 2005. Since then, MIT undergrads have done wonders through student groups like [emailprotected], the MIT Energy Club, the Solar Electric Vehicle Team, and the Solar Decathlon (read more in the Spring 2007 issue of the MIT Undergraduate Research Journal.) Last year, the Biodiesel team got national recognition when they won the grand prize of $25,000 in the GE / mtvU Ecocollege Challenge. (For more info, read one of my previous entries). Today, Thomas Friedman, an op-ed contributor to the NY Times, wrote an article called “The People We Have Been Waiting For.” In it, he talks about the tremendous contributions of MIT students: Last week, I also met with two groups of M.I.T. students who blew me away. One was the M.I.T. Energy Club, which was founded in 2004 by a few grad students discussing energy over beers at a campus bar. Today it has 600-plus members who have put on scores of events focused on building energy expertise among M.I.T. students and faculty, and “fact-based analysis,” including a trip to Saudi Arabia. Then I got together with three engineering undergrads who helped launch the Vehicle Design Summit â€" a global, open-source, collaborative effort, managed by M.I.T. students, that has 25 college teams around the world, including in India and China, working together to build a plug-in electric hybrid within three years. Each team contributes a different set of parts or designs. I thought writing for my college newspaper was cool. These kids are building a hyper-efficient car, which, they hope, “will demonstrate a 95 percent reduction in embodied energy, materials and toxicity from cradle to cradle to grave” and provide “200 m.p.g. energy equivalency or better.” The Linux of cars! They’re not waiting for G.M. Their goal, they explain on their Web site â€" vds.mit.edu â€" is “to identify the key characteristics of events like the race to the moon and then transpose this energy, passion, focus and urgency” on catalyzing a global team to build a clean car. I just love their tag line. It’s what gives me hope: “We are the people we have been waiting for.”

How to Conjugate Se Taire (to Be Quiet) in French

Se taire is the French verb that means to be quiet. This is a pronominal verb and an irregular one, so there are a couple of special things you need to know about its conjugations. This lesson will explain what those are and help you learn and memorize the simplest forms of  se taire. Se Taire  Is a Pronominal Verb You may already have noticed that  se taire  is a two-word verb. It is what we call a  pronominal verb, meaning that the action can only be performed by the subject itself. The  se  of  se taire  is a reflexive pronoun and it changes according to the subject pronoun. In English, we would use the words myself, yourself, himself, etc. to indicate this.  For example, you can make yourself be quiet or they can make themselves be quiet. The Basic Conjugations of  Se Taire The fact that  se taire  is a pronominal verb does complicate its conjugations, though that part isnt too difficult. All you have to remember is that the reflexive verb is required and that it must change with the subject pronoun. This means you will use  je me  or  nous nous rather than  je  or  nous  alone as you would in most French verb conjugations. To make things just a little more complicated,  se taire  is also an  irregular verb. It does not follow any of the common patterns were used to. This means you have some extra work to do when memorizing it, but it will come with practice. With all that said, lets begin by studying the indicative verb mood because this is the one youll use most often for se taire. Here you will find the common present, future, and imperfect past tenses to use in everyday conversation. Using the chart, find the subject and reflexive pronouns appropriate to your sentence, then match it up with the proper tense to find the correct conjugation. For example, I am being quiet is  je me tais  and we were quiet is  nous nous taisions. Present Future Imperfect je me tais tairai taisais tu te tais tairas taisais il se tait taira taisait nous nous taisons tairons taisions vous vous taisez tairez taisiez ils se taisent tairont taisaient The Present Participle of  Se Taire The  present participle  of  se taire  is  se taisant. While its most useful as a verb, you may also use it as an adjective or noun in certain circumstances. Se Taire  in the Compound Past Tense Another way to express the past tense is the compound known as the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  in French. This requires the  auxiliary verb  Ãƒ ªtre  and the  past participle  tu. Once again, you will also need both the subject and reflexive pronouns. The key to the passà © composà © is to conjugate  Ãƒ ªtre  to the present tense and follow it with the past participle. Since  se taire  can be a bit confusing, well look at all of the possibilities: je me suis tu  - I was quiettu tes tu  - you were quietil sest tu  - he was quietnous nous sommes tus  - we were quietvous vous  Ãƒ ªtes tus  - you all were quietils se sont tus - they were quiet More Simple Conjugations of  Se Taire Among the other simple conjugations youll want to study for se taire are those that question the act of being quiet. If that may or may not happen, use the subjunctive. If that is dependent on something, use the conditional. You should only encounter the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  when reading or writing as these are literary tenses for the French language. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je me taise tairais tus tusse tu te taises tairais tus tusses il se taise tairait tut tt nous nous taisions tairions tmes tussions vous vous taisiez tairiez ttes tussiez ils se taisent tairaient turent tussent The reflexive pronoun is still required when using  se taire  in  the imperative,  though its attached to the end. The subject pronoun is not required, so you can simplify  tu tais-toi  to  tais-toi. Imperative (tu) tais-toi (nous) taisons-nous (vous) taisez-vous

Is It Fair To Barr - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1306 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Title Is It Fair To Barr Some When All That They Are Is Just The Same? Every government should be a strong supporter of human rights both at home and internationally. If I would have given the opportunity to decide,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Should Temporary Foreign Workers have the same rights as Canadian workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ? My answer would be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Yesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , because we all are human beings whether belong to the same country or migrated from another origin, so it is fair to have the same human rights among all individuals. This essay consist of the critical analysis of Manitobaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Worker Recruitment and Protection Act, where we will be emphasizing on the fact that what circumstances made this act to come into practice and what are the implications of this act. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is It Fair To Barr?" essay for you Create order And finally the level to which the Canadian Government have successfully saved the Rights of the Temporary Foreign Workers. Background One of the major policy responsible for the population and labour force growth in Manitoba is Immigration. The temporary residents in addition to the permanent residents are becoming a significant component of Manitobaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s population and immigration mix, particularly in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The primary reason for the establishment of the Manitobaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Workers Recruitment and Protection Act (WRAPA) was the unbalance between the relationship of the Permanent Canadian Workers and the Temporary Foreign Workers (TFWs) .The TFWs were who migrated from their land and aparted from their family in order to improve their lives were exploited by the Employers and the Recruiters, in order to stop the exploitation and to strengthen and improve protections for foreign workers the WRAPA came into effect on April 1, 2009. The A ct also set an Employment Standardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Special Investigations Unit to ensure that the set employment standards are not violated. Manitobaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Workers Recruitment and Protection Act (WRAPA) The Act deals both in the Recruitment Stage as well as the working stage of the TFWs. The WRAPA is said to be one of its kind of the act which provides protection to the foreign workers in three different stages, which help in the betterment of the standards of the foreign employees and prevent their exploitation. First of all it deals in the certification of registration of foreign worker. Then comes how the foreign workers are protected from the exploitation of the recruiters. And lastly, total protection of the workers in Manitoba. Employer Registration Information: The employer who wants to acquire any foreign worker in Manitoba will have to first register with the Employment Standards. This requirement of the WRAPA involves the protection of the forei gn workers. If any Manitoba employer wants to hire foreign labours then the employers will be required to provide information about their company and the types of positions for which they are recruiting.The employer need to submit an original and valid Certificate of Registration issued by the Manitoba government. Hence, this is the first step towards the Protection of the Foreign Workers. Protection of Foreign Workers from the Recruiters: For persons engaging in foreign worker recruitment in Manitoba under theWorker Recruitment and Protection Act requires a license from the Employment Standards. If any third party recruits on behalf of the employer then that party must also be registered. The third party recruiter is bound to keep a security deposit, and if it contravene the act then the security is used as a compensation, it may also be a security for the foreign worker who is illegally charged by the recruiter. This Act increases protections for foreign workers and provides the criteria and obligations that recruiters must meet to be approved for a license in Manitoba. Total Protection of Workers in Manitoba: The Employers are forced to keep a detailed records and if necessary then these records must be provided to the Director of Employment Standards. The Directors have to power to ensure compliance with the act and share information with federal department. By exercising such power the WRAPA protects the TFWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most effectively. Effectiveness of the Workerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Recruitment and Protection Act: Manitobaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first-of-its-kind Worker Recruitment and Protection Act whichimprove protection for foreign workers wanting to live and work in the province. The significant increase in the use of temporary foreign workers across Canada has highlighted a need for federal and provincial governments to work together to fill gaps in the protection provided to temporary foreign workers. This Act also brings clos er to meet the standards of the International Labour Standard Organization for the protection of Temporary Foreign Workers. The act also involves enforcement provisions to ensure employment agencies, recruiter and employers to comply with its requirements. Abuse of Foreign Workers resulting in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Slave-Like Conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in Canada: There has been recently a growing concern about the expansion of slavery all over the globe. Sources tells that neoliberal globalization has resulted in a decline in workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rights and labor protections that leave workers under the condition of slavery. Domestic migrant workers are treated worse than in their own countries, a landmark human rights report has claimed. Human Rights Watch saidthe immigration restrictions made it harder for domestic workers to escape cruelty if they were trapped by abusive employers. Thus resulting in the Slave-Like Conditions of Foreign Workers in Canada. The Canadian T emporary Foreign Workers Program: Delphine Nakache and Paula Kinoshita have examined the Temporary Foreign Worker Program, in order to determine the Canadian and Albertan approaches in the protection of the foreign work. According to the author the short-term focus of Canadaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s temporary labour migration policy will not help the country realize its long-term labour market needs. They consider three policy perspectives for the temporary foreign workers, according to whether the country of employment: Tries to prevent their integration. Is indifferent to their future position in society. Sees temporary labour migration as an opportunity to integrate the workers. In order to determine into which policy perspective Canada fits, the authors analyze three important integration mechanisms: employment, family unity and access to permanent residency. Certain recommendation are important in the context: The work permit should be restructured for greater mobility of the foreign workers To protect workers from abusive practices enforcement mechanisms be used Communication should be improved To provide workers sufficient workplace training The workers should have the power to change the employer To introduce a policy for the integration of temporary foreign workers and the public debate about the recent changes in Canadaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s labour migration policy be encouraged. The workers should have the liberty to choose in which place they can work. Workers must have the right to select which union they want to join and communicate with them. Conclusion: We can conclude by indicating that the Temporary Foreign Workers Program have certain flaws which needs to be eliminated. Canadian government have created a new labour market that allows foreign workers to get exploited and abused by the employers, which result in the workers to act like slaves, hence which leads to the need for acts that could provide equal rights for both Temporary Foreign Workers and The Canadian Workers. Thus all the workers should be provided with Equal Human Rights. References: The Primary source of my work is from: Employ Respons Rights J, DOI 10.1007/s10672-014-9249-y Help was also obtained from the following references: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/03/31/uk-domestic-servant_n_5061990.html https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10672-014-9249-y https://canada.metropolis.net/pdfs/Pgs_ODC_Spring09_foreignworker_e.pdf https://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/w197e.php https://news.gov.mb.ca/news/index.htm l?item=5214posted=2009-02-09 https://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/tfw-rights-english.pdf https://www.gov.mb.ca/labour/standards/doc,wrpa-registration_info,factsheet.html https://www.gov.mb.ca/labour/standards/doc,wrpa-license_info,factsheet.html https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/services/foreign-workers.html#Q01

Energy Conversation States Free Essays

TMA03 Covering Block 3 Question 1 (a)An impactor mass of 45 kg is used to represent the weight of child reasonably regarded to be involved in an accident with glass or plastics. (b)The BS standards gives the manufacturers a clear set of standards that their products need to achieve to be safe and fit for the purpose that they have been designed for. It also gives the purchaser the expectation that the item has reached the standards set down by the BSI and will be a safe for the expected life of the item. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy Conversation States or any similar topic only for you Order Now (c) (i)The energy on impact is calculated by using the following equations: Potential Energy (PE) = mass x gravity x height This gives the potential energy at the height when the ball is held at the start of the test. This can be used as a check to for the Kinetic energy (KE) equation as the law of energy conversation states that energy may neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore the sum of all the energies in the system is a constant. So the PE when the ball is held at height will be the same as the KE just before the impact with the glass. To calculate the KE use the equation KE = ? mv2 (ii) Using the KE equation from question (i) KE = ? mv2 |u = initial velocity | |v = final velocity | |a = acceleration | |s = distance | Insert the constants of Mass = 45kg To calculate the v2 using the equation v2 = u2 + 2 x a x s For test 1 KE = ? mv2 For the v2 v2 = 02 + 2 x 9. 8 x 305 Gives 5978 Insert in to KE = ? mv2 to give KE = ? x 45 x 5978 To give 134505 = 135J to 3 sf To check use PE = mgh 45 x 9. 8 x 305 = 134505 Round up to 3 sf to give 135 J So PE =KE 135J is as given in BS 6206:1981. For test 2 KE = ? mv2 For the v2 v2 = 02 + 2 x 9. 8 x 457 Gives 8957. 2 Insert in to KE = ? mv2 to give KE = ? x 45 x 8957. 2 To give 201537 = 202J to 3 sf To check use PE = mgh 45 x 9. 8 x 457 = 201537 Round up to 3 sf to give 202 J So PE =KE 202J is as given in BS 6206:1981. For Test 3 KE = ? mv2 For the v2 v2 = 02 + 2 x 9. 8 x 1219 Gives 23892. 4 Insert in to KE = ? mv2 to give KE = ? x 45 x 23892. 4 To give 537579 = 538J to 3 sf To check use PE = mgh 45 x 9. 8 x 1219 = 537579 Round up to 3 sf to give 538 J So PE =KE 538J is as given in BS 6206:1981 iii) The velocity that the impactor strikes the glass when it is dropped from a height of 1219 mm is calculated as above using: v2 = u2 + 2 x a x s v2 = 02 + 2 x 9. 8 x 1219 = 23892. 4 v = (23892. 4= 154. 6 m s-1 Question 2 (a)There are 3 main features of an invention to make it patentable. It has to have something new about it; this could be an improvement on an existing item. Also it must have a purpose (useful) and be able to be manufactured b ut this is not as important with today’s technologies as a software program can be patented. b) (i) The advantages of using a hollow shape for lintels are that a solid lintel is both heavy and cumbersome when it is in transit and when being manoeuvred into position at the build site. The added weight of the lintel will also require the supporting wall to be at a required strength to support the lintel and the load above it. They can be considered that they can be over designed for the job that they are intended for. It is possible to remove material from a beam without compromising its strength, as the material removed will be from areas that the stress is negligibly small is not a large volume. The stiffness of the beam will depend upon the properties of the material used in its construction and the component geometry of the design of the beam. (ii) In the Dorman Long patent the suggested material of construction plate/sheet steel. The use of plate/sheet steel is favoured due to its stiffness compared to its weight and that it can be easily folded or rolled in the construction of the lintel. (c) (i) Refer back to claim 1 of the Catnic patent as discussed in Block 3 Part 2. List the ‘essential integers’ of the Catnic lintel, and identify which component part is absent from the Dorman Long patent. a first horizontal plate or part adapted to support a course or plurality of superimposed units forming part of the inner skin and a second horizontal plate or part substantially parallel to the first and spaced there from in a downward vertical direction and adapted to span the cavity in the cavity wall and be supported at least at each end thereof upon courses forming parts of the outer and inner skins respectively of the cavity wall adjacent an a perture, and first rigid inclined support member extending downwardly and forwardly from or near the front edge adjacent the cavity of the first horizontal plate or part and forming with the second plate or part at an intermediate position which lies between the front and rear edge of the second plate or part and adapted to extend across the cavity, and a second rigid support member extending vertically from or from near the rear edge of the first horizontal plate or part to join with the second plate or part adjacent its rear edge. ii) The supporting member between the two Suggest what effect the extra part is likely to have on the performance of the Catnic lintel compared to the Dorman Long lintel. (6 + 2 = 8 marks) Question 3 a) Although in a perfect environment there would be no risk to any persons or property and to remove any risk would mean stopping the processes that give rise to risk. However that is not the case so there will always risk involved in everything that we carry out. I have widely based this answer on the nuclear power industry where the risks involved are both acceptable and less acceptable. |Risk more acceptable | |No alternatives available |This could be classed as the use of a radio active fuel in a nuclear power | | |station. The risk of its use would be classed as acceptable as there is not| | |a suitable alternative as a fuel. | |Risk known with certainty |The use of a radio active fuel and its risks are known with certainty and | | |should be factored in to the design and management of the facility. | |Risk less acceptable | |Effect delayed |Prolonged exposure to a radio active element will have a delayed effect | | dependant upon the length and magnitude of the exposure. So if these | | |exposures are not monitored and controlled the risk would be less | | |acceptable. | |Consequences irreversible |Again as the damage done from high, prolonged exposure to a radio active | | |element to the human body can be irreversible. Also a spillage or | | |accidental release to the environment could lead to the area being of no use| | |to the local population for a considerable time. | b) The principle of ALARP where improvements to the systems or process to reduce the risks are shown to be greater than the costs in the production compared to the benefits gained. The extra costs may be balanced against the risk reduction, for example, reducing the risk of exposure to the environment and humanity from hazardous chemicals or ionising radiation. The ALARP assessment in figure 3 shows that the acceptable risk for electrical control systems has been broken in to 3 defined harm categories. The inverted triangles show that as the frequency of those injured rises then the risk becomes less tolerable. The area shaded â€Å"broadly acceptable† shows that the processes carried out do not pose a risk to those involved, risk is negligible and it will be necessary to maintain checks and safety futures to keep the injuries at this level. In the area marked â€Å"tolerable if ALARP† shows the area that the risk of injury to those involved in the process ahs increased, if the risk was under taken then there could be a benefit. This can be broken into 2 further subsections, if the frequency is low the it can be tolerable if the cost of the risk reduction exceeds the improvement, as the frequency increases then it would only be tolerable if the risk reduction is impractical or the cost disproportionate to the gains in improvement. The area shaded â€Å"intolerable† is the area where the frequency is at it highest and therefore the risk cannot be justified unless in exceptionable circumstances, for example working on a live high voltage electrical system. Question 4 Table 4. 4 in Block 3 Part 4 shows the various stages in energy conversion for fuel used to power a computer. It shows a hypothetical balance sheet for energy conversion from chemical energy (in a fuel) to light energy (light emitted by a computer display). a) The law of energy conversation states that energy may neither be created nor destroyed but transformed into different forms of energy i. . to heat, light, or noise energy. Therefore the sum of all the energies in the system is a constant. Explain briefly the principle of the conservation of energy, and how it applies at each stage in the energy conversion process. (2 marks) (b) Calculate the percentage of the total available energy that is converted to: (a) heat (b) noise (c) electrical energy. In each case, show your working fully. (4 + 4 + 4 = 12 marks) †¢ break into three parts†¦ energy required for ice to reach a temp of 0 q1 = mcT q1 = 11. 75 g(2. 09 J/g ·Ã‚ °C)(-5. 00 °C-0 °C) q1 = -122. 8J second part nergy required for change of states from solid to liquid q2 = n*? Hfus n = 11. 75g / 18. 02g/mol n = 0. 65mol q2 = 0. 65mol * 6. 02 kJ/mol q2 = 4. 0kJ careful units!!!! q2 = 4000J third part.. energy required for liquid water from 0 to 0. 500 °C†¦ q3 = mcT q3 = 11. 75 g(4. 21 J/g ·Ã‚ °C)(0. 500 – 0) q3 = 24. 7J ENERGY IN TOTAL†¦ E = q1 + q2 + q3 E = -122. 8J + 4000J + 24. 7J E = 3902J The final 10 marks for the assignment are awarded for presentation – see the guidance in the introduction to this booklet. These will be scored on the PT3 form as Question 5. Assignment Booklet How to cite Energy Conversation States, Essay examples

Therapeutic Nursing for Effective Communication- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTherapeutic Nursing for Effective Communication. Answer: Introduction Therapeutic care is a recommended skill in nursing. All nurses should use therapeutic skills in order to deliver satisfactory services to the patients. Therapeutic nursing and care is essential because it can help in improving the quality of services provided to the patients (Bramhall, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to analyze therapeutic nursing and therapeutic care as well as the features of therapeutic nursing and how a nurse can implement therapeutic care strategies when attending to a patient. Features of Therapeutic Nursing and how they can be Implemented Therapeutic care and nursing is important in practice because it can benefit the nurse in many ways. Most importantly, therapeutic care can enable a nurse to create a cordial relationship with the patent. Besides, therapeutic can be relied upon to improve the self-worth of the patent and encourage them to feel free and have trust in the nurse. Last. But not least, therapeutic care is important because it can enable the nurse to acquire useful information that can be relied upon to make important, reasonable and accurate decision regarding the patient. To achieve all these goals, a nurse should possess certain therapeutic care competencies (Casella, 2015). There are many features of therapeutic care such as rapport, trust, critical listening; empathy; cultural sensitivity; respect; and competencies in the use of verbal and non-verbal care, and properly apply them as outlined here. Critical Listening Critical listening is a key element of therapeutic nursing that should be possessed by all the nurses who are committed to the delivery of therapeutic care to the patient. A critical listener is a person who creates time for another one to talk and allow them to talk without unnecessary interruptions. A nurse should be a critical listener because by critically listening to a patient, it can be much easier to win their confidence (Shipley, 2010). Besides, it can make the patent to feel respected and recognized because they are allowed to say whatever issue they have. Human beings are people who prefer to be listened to because it can make them to feel great and valuable. Critical listening can be implemented during nursing care by taking a number of steps first a nurse should take time to lend her ear to the patient. All patients should be given adequate time to talk to the nurse and explain every pond that they have. At the same time, the patents should be allowed to ask any relevant question that they might be having. Besides, a nurse should implement critical listening technique by becoming keen when communicating with the patient. All the points or questions given by the patient should be properly understood and accurately responded to (Bramhall, 2014). At the same time, a therapeutic nurse should not interrupt the patient because it can discourage them. Unnecessary interruptions can be a sign of rudeness. In fact, it can make the patent to be demoralized and feel discouraged because they are not given an opportunity to express themselves regarding the matters which relate to their personal heath. Empathy Empathy is a characteristic of therapeutic nursing which refers to the feeling of care and concern to the patient. An empathetic nurse is therefore a professional who has ability to understand and share the feelings, emotions and experiences of the patient. It is an important skill that should be applied during the delivery of therapeutic care because it can benefit the nurse in different ways (Zarzycka, ?lusarska, Dobrowolska, Deluga, Trojanowska Barto?, 2016). Apart from giving a nurse an opportunity to understand what the patient is going through, empathy can able a nurse to have a strong feeling of care and be committed to the provision of the necessary support required by the patient (Davies, 2014). To be an empathetic professional a nurse should only take her time to analyze and comprehend what the patent is going through. At the same time, a nurse should share the feelings by pretending to be in a similar position. Showing empathy to a patient can be an important skill in therapeutic nursing. It can enable a nurse to show concern because of the feeling of sharing the patients problems (Dearing Steadman, 2009). When a nurse have an emotional attachment with the patent, it can be much easier for her to deliver a supportive care that can be of great value to the patient. This is why all nurses are encouraged to be empathetic because it can prepare them to provide a therapeutic and holistic care to the patient. Trust Trust is a characteristic of therapeutic care. The nurse should be a trustworthy practitioner who can win the confidence of a patient. Whenever a patient seeks for healthcare services, they want to be provided with high quality services which can satisfy the needs. Therefore, to achieve this, the nurse should be ready to display a high degree of trust (Feo, Rasmussen, Wiechula, Conroy Kitson, 2017). The feeling of being served by a trustworthy nurse can make the patient to be satisfied and contented with the organization. What the nurse should do to implement trust is to be honest in his activities. Meaning, a nurse requires being a practitioner who is guided by the principle of truth. The nurse should always speak the truth no matter how challenging it might be. At the same time, the nurse should be ready to serve the patient with integrity (Din Gastmans, 2012). The nurse should also create a trust by becoming influential. This can help the nurse to appeal to the patient and make them to feel satisfied. Moreover, the nurse can implement this strategy by enhancing the self-esteem of the patient (Pullen Jr Mathias, 2010). All patients are human beings who want to feel valued. Therefore, the nurse should treat them as valuable people who are respected and considered as important people in the treatment process. These strategies can make the patient feel secure and confidence because they are cared for and treated with the respect that they deserve (Robinson, 2016). The end result of applying these pri nciples is that there will be a cordial relationship between the nurse and the patient. All the nurses who apply this strategy always succeed in delivering therapeutic care to the patients. Rapport Therapeutic care requires the nurse to create a good rapport with the patient. a rapport can enable the nurse to be so close to the patient. A rapport can be established by using verbal and non-verbal communication strategies. Since therapeutic nursing is an engagement which takes place face-to-face, it can be a brilliant idea if a nurse has excellent verbal and non-verbal skills. Verbal skills refer to the strategies that can be used by an individual when engaging in a direct engagement which takes place orally (Din Gastmans, 2013). Here, an individual should know how to produce words, project the voice, articulate words, and use language. On the other hand, non-verbal strategies differ from verbal skills because it entails the usage of certain cues such as gesture. Therefore, for a nurse to deliver therapeutic care to the patient, a nurse should be ready to perfectly combine and tactfully balance the verbal and non-verbal skills strategies. When it comes to verbal skills, therapeutic care dictates that a nurse should have a proper usage of language. For the intended message to reach the patient unaltered a nurse should use a simple, clear, and precise language (Casella, 2015). At no any given time should a nurse use jargons and complex words which can unnecessarily complicate the message and prevent the patient from understanding it. At the same time, for a nurse to ensure that the message is delivered, the nurse should properly articulate words and be audible right from the beginning up to the very end (Brownie, Scott Rossiter, 2016). On the other hand, the nurse should make a correct use of non-verbal cues like body movement, hand expression, facial expression, and gesture. The use of these non-verbal symbols can enable to create a close and cordial relationship with the patient. Conclusion In conclusion, therapeutic care is the best kind of service that nurses should be provide to the patient. It goes beyond the ordinary care because it gives a nurse an ample opportunity to therapeutically engage the patient, listen to them, and understand their needs, before making an informed decision on the most suitable intervention to provide. However, for nurses to deliver therapeutic care, the practitioners should acquire and apply fundamental skills such as critical listening, empathy, cultural acceptance, and verbal and non-verbal communication skills. It can therefore be a good thing if all the Australian nurses possess the skills because it can enable them to deliver therapeutic care to the satisfaction of all the patients. References Bramhall, E. (2014). Effective communication skills in nursing practice.Nursing standard,29(14), 53-59. Brownie, S., Scott, R., Rossiter, R. (2016). Therapeutic communication and relationships in chronic and complex care.Nursing Standard,31(6), 54-63. Casella, S. M. (2015). Therapeutic rapport: The forgotten intervention.Journal of Emergency Nursing,41(3), 252. Davies, N. (2014). Empathic nursing: going the extra mile.Practice Nursing,25(4), 198-202. Dearing, K. S., Steadman, S. (2009). Enhancing intellectual empathy: the lived experience of voice simulation.Perspectives in Psychiatric Care,45(3), 173-182. Din, L., Gastmans, C. (2013). Trust in nursepatient relationships: A literature review.Nursing ethics,20(5), 501-516. Din, L., Gastmans, C. (2012). Trust and trustworthiness in nursing: an argument?based literature review.Nursing inquiry,19(3), 223-237. Feo, R., Rasmussen, P., Wiechula, R., Conroy, T., Kitson, A. (2017). Developing effective and caring nurse-patient relationships.Nursing Standard,31(28), 54-63. Pullen Jr, R. L., Mathias, T. (2010). Fostering therapeutic nurse-patient relationships. Robinson, C. A. (2016). Trust, health care relationships, and chronic illness: a theoretical coalescence.Global Qualitative Nursing Research,3, 2333393616664823. Shipley, S. D. (2010, April). Listening: A concept analysis. InNursing forum(Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 125-134). Blackwell Publishing Inc. Zarzycka, D., ?lusarska, B., Dobrowolska, B., Deluga, A., Trojanowska, A., Barto?, E. (2016). Empathy in nursing. Assumptions, practice and its empirical determinants.Pielegniarstwo XXI wieku/Nursing in the 21st Century,15(3), 33-38.

Babson College Admissions - SAT Scores, Costs, and More

Babson College Admissions - SAT Scores, Costs, and More Admissions at Babson College are very selective. Only about one-quarter of applicants are admitted. Students can apply  using the Common Application. In addition to this application, students must submit a high school transcript, test scores from either the SAT or ACT and letters of recommendation. While an admissions interview is not required, it is strongly encouraged.  Calculate your chances of getting in  with Cappexs free tool. Admissions Data (2016) Babson College Acceptance Rate: 25%GPA, SAT and ACT graph for Babson Test Scores: 25th / 75th Percentile SAT Critical Reading: 560 / 650SAT Math: 610 / 720SAT Writing: - / -Top Massachusetts college SAT comparisonWhat these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 27 / 31ACT English: 26 / 32ACT Math: 27  / 33What these ACT numbers meanTop Massachusetts college ACT comparison Babson College Description Babson College is a private business school located near  Wellesley College  in the affluent Boston suburb of Wellesley, Massachusetts. All Babson students study business and work towards a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. The curriculum emphasizes leadership and entrepreneurship skills, and all students receive extensive practical, hands-on training. The college has won numerous national awards for its innovative approach to business education. First-year students at Babson take a year-long course in which student teams develop, launch and liquidate a for-profit business of their own design.   Explore the campus with the  Babson College photo tour. With all of Babson Colleges strengths, it should come as no surprise that the school made the lists of  top Massachusetts colleges  and  top New England colleges. For information on other schools in the area, check out this article on  Boston-area colleges and universities. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 3,165  (2,283 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 52% Male / 48% Female100% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17) Tuition and Fees: $48,288Books: $1,050 (why so much?)Room and Board: $15,376Other Expenses: $1,850Total Cost: $66,564 Babson College Financial Aid (2015  - 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 56%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 48%Loans: 39%Average Amount of AidGrants: $37,159Loans: $8,033 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Business AdministrationWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 95%4-Year Graduation Rate: 87%6-Year Graduation Rate: 91% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Baseball, Track, and Field, Lacrosse, Swimming, Basketball, Golf, Ice Hockey, Skiing, Tennis, SoccerWomens Sports:  Track and Field, Field Hockey, Basketball, Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Swimming, Volleyball, Lacrosse, Skiing Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Babson and the Common Application Babson College uses the Common Application. These articles can help guide you: Common Application essay tips and samplesShort answer tips and samplesSupplemental essay tips and samples

The eNotes Blog For Students The Keys to a Happy DormLife

For Students The Keys to a Happy DormLife Now that summer has drawn to a close and the school year has arrived, many of you will have left the nest for the first time and moved into that staple of college comedy: the dorm. As a recent college graduate and an employee of the front desk of a residence hall for nearly two years, I’ve asked my coworkers what they would like to tell incoming freshmen about dorm life. If they could give you one piece of advice, this is what they would tell you:   Socializing Gosh, making new friends sure is swell   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Force yourself to be social. This is the one time of year when everyone is trying to make friends, so this is the best time to meet as many people as possible. A lot of your friends can be found right on your floor.† –Anum K., Fourth Year The first few weeks of college will be a nebulous period in which everyone is feeling out of their depth. Everyone is overwhelmed, no matter how confident they seem, and the first thing people seek is a friend to help them figure things out. Use this as an exciting opportunity. You will never encounter another situation like this, where hundreds or thousands of people are looking for friends at the same time. Meeting masses of people may be intimidating, especially to you Socially Awkward Penguins out there, but it can be incredibly helpful. Some tips to help you do so: â€Å"Invest in a fork.† –Lixa C., Third Year This may seem really weird, but it is actually an incredibly useful piece of advice. In my dorm we pilfered forks from the dining hall and bent them in half to use as doorstops. This is especially useful when you live in a long hallway where everyone can see your door and vice versa. It lets people know that you’re open to socializing and encourages them to stop in and introduce themselves. You won’t be the only one doing this, I promise. I got to know nearly every person on my freshman floor by doing this. Dear Diary, Betty moved Mr. Winkle again. That girl sure knows how to push my buttons â€Å"If your roommate sucks, MOVE.† –Aime A., Fourth Year There is a time limit on this one. A couple of weeks into the semester, there should be some sort of room-swap event where you can switch with another person. If you walk in and instantly know you and your roommate won’t get along, don’t force yourself to suffer through an entire year of living with one another. It will eliminate the chance to find a friend and make your daily life stressful. My freshman roommate is my best friend, bar none. You are not doomed to have a crazy roommate. But act quickly; if you miss this event, it is unlikely you will be able to switch easily midway through the year. â€Å"Use it as a time to get to know everyone while they’re in one place.†Ã¢â‚¬â€œErika F., Graduate This isn’t like high school, where you only have a certain amount of time between classes during the day to get to know people. Living in a dorm means that there are people of your age group living five feet away from you. They go to class with you. They eat in the same places. They study in the same places. You could step out of your door at two in the morning and it is likely that there will be someone there. They might not be the ideal candidate, but you have ample time and opportunity to find people who are.   Studying Tut tut, these girls are up to no good playing cards in the study lounge   Ã¢â‚¬Å"No studying is ever done in study lounges.† –Victor S., Fourth Year My floor study lounge freshman year was many things. It was the first door you encountered when entering the floor, and a natural meeting spot. It was a safe haven if you grew stir crazy in your room. It was the place where you could pass out after a Thursday night adventure in the frat houses. It was the place where the boisterous, ragtag group of freshmen from my floor stored their trophies from these nights out (including, but not limited to: a wheelchair, an upright piano, a white board, a chair from In-N-Out, the couch from the floor above us, and so on). It was not, by any stretch of the imagination, a place where you could study. Even if your floor isn’t something out of Animal House like mine was, you are bound to get distracted if you try to study in a lounge. There will always be someone popping their head in, or a group of people playing cards, or any number of things that can break your concentration in an instant. Find alternatives. The dorm we work in has private study rooms that can be rented out for a two-hour period. We also have a massive lecture room where the unspoken law is silence. Coffee shops have free WiFi and caffeine to keep you going. I am the rare breed of person who can actually study in my room without falling asleep, but I usually don’t recommend that method to others. If all else fails, there’s always the library. Find out what works for you and stick to it. And if you really want to study in your lounge, I leave you with this advice: â€Å"Buy ear plugs.† – Danay I., Fourth Year Thats more like it, boys Daily Life â€Å"Don’t smoke in the dorm. Because you will get written up. And you will die.† – Kyle B., Second Year College isn’t all about studying, nor is it about the massive amounts of partying you’ll see in college comedies. In between there are little moments of everyday life as you struggle to adjust to living on your own for the first time in your life. If you’re well prepared, it’ll be easier on you.   If not, here are some tips: â€Å"Food. Food everywhere.† – Eddie A., Third Year Our dining halls were all-you-can-eat buffets, and were ranked among the best in the nation. They also come with the added bonus of a wide variety of food with little effort required to get it. This, ladies and gentlemen, is the cause of the infamous Freshman Fifteen. So maybe instead of helping yourself to that third basket of fries, go for the salad instead. And while pizza every day for a month might sound awesome, your scale doesn’t think so and neither will that cute girl who sits next to you in your Intro to Econ class. Easy on the jello shots, Mary Sue. Why not take a bite of Johnnys apple instead? â€Å"Get used to having a roommate.† – Eric W., Fourth Year Cohabitation is not easy, no matter how well you get along with your roommate. It’s hard to be conscious and considerate of another person’s needs while juggling your own obligations and stress. But remember the Golden Rule and don’t blast music while your roommate is trying to study or sleep, and don’t invite your significant other over and whisper late into the night when they have early class the next day. Yes, it is your room and technically you can do what you want, but it’s their room as well and making their life difficult might have repercussions in the form of spiders in your bed. Just saying, they know where you sleep. I always knew you were a neat guy, Tom, but this place is spotless. Gee whiz!   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Don’t bother buying new clothes. You’ll look like crap in class anyway and so will everyone else.† – Danay I., Fourth Year You might try to look good for the first few weeks of class. But all it takes is one day of sleeping through your alarm and sprinting to class in your Donald Duck PJs for you to stumble upon that magical realization: Nobody Cares. Seriously. As long as the important bits are covered, you could walk into class looking like a complete lunatic and no one will bat an eye. My freshman year, I had a class in a meeting room located in my own building. I used to wake up five minutes before class, toss my hair up in a hair tie, and stroll into class with thirty seconds to spare without changing out of my pajamas. I didn’t even put on shoes. Of course, there are always exceptions to the rule, so hang on to those ratty high school sweatpants until at least a couple of weeks in. That said†¦ â€Å"Do laundry more than once a semester.† – Logan L., Second Year Laundry can be a pain. It’s time consuming, tedious, and the nearest laundry room might be on the other side of the building. When you get there you might find that every single washer is occupied and you’ll have to wait even longer to snag the next one. At my college quarters are worth their weight in gold, and usually anyone who asks for them at our desk past noon on a Saturday is out of luck as we don’t get a change order on the weekends. With that said, you are a grownup. People might not care what you look like in class, but theyll expect you to practice basic hygiene. This goes for finals week as well. You’d think I wouldn’t have to tell people that. You’d be wrong. Make sure you and your clothes are clean (and no, spraying your unmentionables with Febreze wont cut it). The lovely ladies of the class of 51 sure know how to have some good, clean fun Parting Words I’ll leave you with my own piece of advice. If I could tell incoming freshmen just one thing, it would be this: don’t limit your friendly interactions to other students. Make friends with the people who work in your building. The front desk staff. The housekeepers. The dining hall people. The RAs and other residential life staff. There is no downside to this. You’ll be more knowledgeable about your building. You might get a favor every now and then. And you’ll make their day better by seeing them as something more than some drone there to service you. A lot of the time working in a dorm can seem like a thankless task, and when someone tells us to have a nice day or gives us a genuine â€Å"thank you† it can make all the difference. I have met so many wonderful people who work in the dorms, and it doesn’t matter whether that relationship manifests itself in free swipes for food or just a smile as I walk down the hall. Become a part of your com munity. Don’t neglect someone just because they play a different role in the dorm life than you. As with many aspects of college, you’ll get out what you put into your dorm experience. I had the time of my life while living in the dorms, but I didn’t do that by staying cooped up in my room bent over my textbooks every spare minute of the day, nor by neglecting my schoolwork until I was too stressed to enjoy myself. It’s all about striking a balance. Thanks so much to my coworkers for offering their advice. They are a huge part of what has made my dorm experience so awesome. #sproullifeforlife! Gabby H. Editorial Intern,

Nietzsches Genealogy of Morals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nietzsches Genealogy of Morals - Essay Example This essay discusses that Nietzsche’s criticisms of the traditional notions of good and evil spans an array of his work and takes on more developed form in the Genealogy of Morals. This essay examines Nietzsche’s overarching philosophical considerations within this text. Nietzsche deconstructs the notions of good and evil. He argues that what has emerged are different forms of these concepts and that in actuality the differing meanings behind these terms are diametrically opposed. One of the most significant considerations in understanding ‘good’ in the sense of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ is the notion of slave morality. For him this is a moral code that has emerged in a society wherein the weak-willed have convinced the strong that their mode of strength is actually evil. Nietzsche believes then that the fundamental impulse of society is the will to power and that morality and the social structures implemented by much of civilization have emerged as a means of manipulation. One of his most potent arguments is that the concept of evil is different for the higher class than for the lower class. This notion extends from Nietzsche’s general contention that civilization is structured on erroneous notions of morality that serve to contribute to the self-interest of the individual or institution embracing them. Nietzsche believes that society should free themselves from these social constraints and embrace instinctual urges to power, as it is this will to power that underlines society’s main drives. He states, â€Å"That every will must consider every other will its equal — would be a principle hostile to life, an agent of the dissolution and destruction of man, an attempt to assassinate the future of man, a sign of weariness, a secret path to nothingness† (Nietzsche, p. 73). This consideration directly contrasts Christian morality that seeks to view the social order in terms of equality and embrace forms of weakness.

Global cultural exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global cultural exchange - Essay Example Even if the Early Middle Ages (approx. y. 500-800) were times of uncertainty, disorder, invasions and cosmic insecurityi, the period to come, years 800-1500, also known as the High and the Late Middle Ages, was a period of significant cultural development. Therefore, if in the Early Middle Ages we can talk about a sort of cultural indetermination, when people with different beliefs (barbarians, adepts of ancient religions, Christians, the newly emerged Muslims) were thrown in the same pot with no further instructions, then the High and Late Middle Ages bring out the cultural determination, the establishment of linguistic, religious and cultural boundaries and this is when we can observe explicit examples of cultural exchange. Still, I would like to clearly emphasize the fact that cultural interaction wasn’t a goal in itself during this time; it was more of an adjacent process to the phenomenon of medieval travel, which, at its turn, was a result of three major purposes: trade, diplomacy/conquest and missionary. Merchants that engaged in long-travel trade had two main routs available, which linked Europe, Asia and Africa: the silk-road, for luxurious goods and the sea-routes, for more common goods, such as stone, steel and building materials. Major trading cities and ports grew rapidly, becoming a meeting place for foreign merchants, traders, brokers, who ultimately exchanged knowledge, religious ideas, philosophical beliefs, stories, legends and other cultural elements. Missionaries wanted to spread their religious ideas on other territories, an ambition that also became a form of cultural exchange. Diplomatic missions and conquest ambitions appeared as a result of cultural and territorial delimitation, but also implied a cultural interaction between the conquerors and the natives. Thus, in this paper, I would like to analyze the cultural exchange between the Christian world and the Islamic world with an emphasis on the Levant area and the Iberian

Uniqlo In Hong Kong Business Essay

Uniqlo In Hong Kong Business Essay Many businesses exist and flourish because they are successful in satisfying a need in the market. These needs are determined by the consumers who are considered an important component of any business endeavour. The primary reason for a business existence is to continue identifying consumer needs and then come up with tangible responses to address these needs. This requirement makes business companies spend a considerable amount of effort and intellect in analysing the behaviour of the consumers in order to effectively formulate appropriate marketing strategies that would assist the firm in effective production and delivery. Smart, D. T., Martin, C. L. (1992) argued that the study of consumers makes companies and organisations recognise and internalise consumer issues that would help strengthen their marketing strategies. In this paper several issues are discussed pertaining to fashion and clothing products and services offered by UNIQLO in Hong Kong. UNIQLO Co., Ltd. was originated in Japan. The companys business line is about clothing and fashion. But basically, the company is one of the leading clothing and fashion business in Japan that design, manufacture and retail casual wears. Initially, UNIQLO Co., Ltd. was only a division of Fast Retailing Co., Ltd. but by November 1, 2005, UNIQLO Co., Ltd. come into the picture through corporate restructuring and currently existing as a 100% consolidated subsidiary of Fast Retailing. UNIQLO was now listed at the Tokyo Stock Exchange. In Japan, UNIQLO is the leading clothing retail chain in terms of both sales and profits. And as of 2010, the company are also operating in Hong Kong, China, United Kingdom, South Korea, France, Singapore and United States. UNIQLO formed the idea of blending of ‘unique and ‘clothing as an symbol of originality and uniqueness of the apparel industry in Japan. UNIQLO offers fashionable and high quality clothing at reasonable prices, and was seized as an opportunity to establish a brand position domestically and internationally, combining all the facets of the business from product design to final sales and the operation of the 790 stores around the globe. Primarily offing for a highly brand conscious consumer group, UNIQLO envisions itself as a leading global casual wear company targeting high sales and profitability growth. For UNIQLO, such aim could materialise based on the established strategies such as low cost management, cheapest manufacture and marketing schedules an d prioritising customer requirements. Nowadays, UNIQLO is described as the apparel giant Gap, Inc.s counterpart based on the 4, 000% share price increase, making UNIQLO as Japans third largest clothing retailer. However, it is not always victory for UNIQLO; the subsidiary also has its own share of downturns especially on its international expansion. For instance, expansion programmes in the United Kingdom (UK) saw a tumultuous stumble in profits, forcing Fast Retailing to shut down 16 of the 21 UNIQLO stores opened, because of competition. Most recently, three UNIQLO stores in New Jersey were also closed because of economic slumps. Despite these facts, UNIQLO maintains the spirit and still believed that the brand has only but way forward. How UNIQLO will going to do such is central to this paper, focusing on the companys strategic management. External, industry and competitor analysis as well as the internal environment will be addressed. In fashion and clothing business in Hong Kong, the products and services offered by retailers that have strong brands are flourishing because they are easier to remember or they are already popular and are known for the quality. Companies like UNIQLO, HM, and Giordano are giving their best to build their brand name or brand identities because it helps consumers easily identify the product as well as acquire a rich set of symbols and meanings embodied by products. For successfully developed and managed brand names, the connections that patrons make with the brand name creates value, or brand equity, that can be a highly valued asset to the firm that develops the brand (Meyers-Levy, Louie, Curren, 1994). Chapter 2. Literature Review Environmental Analysis (PESTEL) Ø Political Analysis In the context of UNOQLO, political factors have direct effect on business conducts and operations. Decisions made by the affects the decision-making of retailers and could come in the form of policy or legislation. In Hong Kong, the ‘one country, two systems is the prevalent governance philosophy which endows the special administrative region with a high degree of autonomy and its capitalist economic system. Within a capitalistic and free market-oriented economy, retail companies make the majority of microeconomic decisions but they have to conform to specific agreements. Mainland and HK Closer Partnership Economic Arrangement (CEPA) and the US-China Textile Memorandum of Understanding are two examples of this. The former provides UNIQLO with a tariff-free treatment, stating that products which have no existing CEPA rules of origin will enjoy tariff-free treatment upon applications by local manufacturers. The latter could provide UNIQLO with an opportunity for an annual growt h of 8-17% in 21 categories of Chinese textiles and clothing exports to the US. Labor and customary regulations as well as code of conducts are also complied into including China Social Compliance 9000 and US and EU quotas (RSCA 2006; Doshi 2006). Ø Economic Analysis Domestically and globally, businesses are also being affected by economic factors whereby a strong economy indicates positive results and weak economy signifies the opposite, affecting both businesses and consumers. Hong Kongs gross domestic product is estimated at US$206.7bn with the service sector that contributes 90% of the total GDP. The region is also named as the worlds eleventh largest trading entity. Almost 50% of the total population is employed full-time and the unemployment rate has a continuous average decline by 4.1%, making disposition of income a possibility, a lower cost of living that is (Monthly Digest 2008). Spending is generally devoted for food, housing, healthcare, transportation, amusement, services and apparel. People nowadays are very particular with ‘investing in quality clothing thereby resume spending with premium apparel finds (Doshi 2006). Realising this, the price and quality characteristics of UNIQLO has a strategic fit; UNIQLO makes people look fashionable and confident in world-class clothes at a reasonable price through the company-wide integration of the Specialty Store Retailer of Private Label Apparel (SPA) model, a low-cost but effective operation model. Ø Social Analysis Demography or the population characteristics may determine buying patterns and that understanding demographic changes within a particular region or place facilitates determining whether products and services would appeal to customers as well as the number of potential customers (Barney and Hesterly 2006, p. 35). Hong Kong has a total of 6, 985, 300 population based on 2008 estimate and is continuously growing due to immigrant influx from Mainland. According to Doshi, people in HK and elsewhere have a growing interest in private labels. Consumers aspired for having private levels on everyday garments. Casual wear from HK which is known for good design and quality has a positive image on global consumers. Nevertheless, international brands are concentrated in high-end consumers while domestic brands are for low-end consumers (Doshi, 2006). In taking advantage of the wealth of the demography, UNIQLO makes effort on providing high-quality merchandise and generating values to the society by taxes. Further, UNIQLO is a company that is committed in creating positive reputation as manifested in its vision and mission, styles of management, ways of doing business and requirements to employees. Ø Technological Analysis Technological innovations are a priority for the apparel retailing industry but it will remain as labor intensive as it is today. Boosting the industrys productivity, increased in automation has been the recent trend but it is limited on specific functions, to which mostly require human intervention such as sewing and making patterns. Although there are computerised sewing machines that increase the productivity and reduce training time. Further, the uses of computer system software intended for the industry will be on making rough sketches, printing detailed designs and storing of information for easy retrieval. The customer orientation of UNIQLO was basically construed from its website in which customers can give feedbacks by email and discussion board. Hong Kong Productivity Council made a report disclosing that the apparel industry could make sense of information technology (IT) if utilise for order processing, costing analysis, order tracking, material management, reporting and connectivity (2004). Ø Legal As with any other business industry of the world, there are rules and regulations that restrict or support the facilitation of the business in the clothing and fashion market in the areas where UNIQLO operates. Ø Environmental There are currently no major environmental issues faced by the UNIQLO in Hong Kong, except for the ever-present textile and silk production issue which catch environmentalists attention die to the fact that some of its raw materials and from the skin of rare animals. Industry Analysis (Porters Five Forces) Ø Threat of Entry Barney Hesterly (2006, p. 43) point out that new entrants are the firms which have either recently begun operations or those that threaten to begin operations within an industry soon. Notably, the apparel industry is a buyer-driven industry where producers are considering buyers decision-making especially when brand names enter the picture. These buyer-centric industries have low barriers to entry mainly because of intense competition. Utilising brands as a market power source; however, this is a challenge for every clothing company. In the clothing business, mass customisation has seen to be the most effective strategy. Putting strategises into action remains to be in resilience today (Culpan 2002). Therefore, the focus must be on minimising the costs without sacrificing quality and to do this, managerial know how is a must in order to understand interactions with suppliers and consumers, to facilitate creativity and innovation and to maintain mobility in adapting to new market dem ands (Kincade, Regan and Gibson 2007). Building brand awareness and consumer loyalty is a costly endeavor since it involves advertising needed not only to promote the brand but also on sustaining awareness and loyalty. Strengthening brand names also requires that there are ‘quick response programs to increase revenues and manage risks. One of UNIQLOs major resources is its brand name, which is now synonymous with comfortable, high quality and cheap clothing merchandises. Although brand awareness outside the home country is a challenge, it is of intangible value to UNIQLO as a business asset. Brands are valuable and rare and reputable brands are acquired through the impressions one has of the company, and its products or services. Since a brand name is built overtime it becomes costly to imitate thereby providing a sustainable competitive advantage in the apparel industry (Groucutt, Lydley and Forsyth 2004, p. 285). Ø Threat of Rivalry Either in home or host countries, apparels, accessories and merchandise will always have a competitor which usually fluctuates in size. The modern market trends for the apparel industry are globalisation and intensified competition, increasing price and lower profit margin pressures, small quantity with high complexity orders, shorter lead times, multiple location operation, changing customer requirements and liberalisation on textile and clothing quota that creates new market dynamics. Being responsive to these market trends shifts the focus of the apparel industry for more extensive product development and improvements at the least possible cost. Such condition forces companies to divert on product differentiation because of high switching cost. In an industry where products are deemed to be ‘equal, the key sources of differentiation are brand image, reputation and prior existence (Byoungho 2004b). For UNIQLO, the products themselves are an important source of competitive edg e. UNIQLO strives at developing products of high quality, in various collections to enable the company to reach the highest possible number of customers. As such, the rivals would be endangered when it comes to introducing innovative products. UNIQLO is positioned in the fashion capitals of the world for the purpose of taking advantage of the new information about fashion trends. UNIQLOs ability to quickly adapt to trends and new markets has helped them develop product differentiation, something that is key to the companys success in the apparel industry. According to Tokle (1990), product differentiation is what separates the top competitors from the rest, but it something that is not costly to imitate. This is why their product differentiation is only a temporary competitive advantage. Competitive advantage could be achieved once the organisation learns to manage its capabilities that the end consumers could appreciate and competitors would find difficulties imitating (Porter 1985 ; Roney 2004). Ø Threat of Substitutes Casual wear is very particular with loose-fit, comfortable and relaxed fit. Athletic or active wear was perceived to be the closest substitute to casual wear as manifested by the booming athletic wear industry. Typically worn as casual fashion clothing, active attires could provide deterrence in the industry. Moreover, the blurring demarcation on the casual clothing family could be also seen as an opportunity for substitutes. Specialised stores offer semi-casual, smart casual and business casual lines. Semi-casual clothes are less presentational than informal but are not as loose as casual dresses. Smart casual purports conservative looks but with harmony on colors, fabrics, shoes and accessories. Business casual, on the other hand, varies in definition but the common element is the collar. Realising this, the bottomline now is the price. Moreover, based on the SPA business model, all the necessary functions at UNIQLO falls under a single umbrella especially the inbound logistics an d the production. UNIQLO is an example of a cut-make-trim company in which in which the company purchase the fabric and retain ownership of the raw materials and work-in-process, and so making it hard for rivals to imitate or produce substitutes for UNQILO brands. Ø Threat of Suppliers The prices and availability of commonly used fabrics such as cotton, blends, synthetics and wools might fluctuate significantly due to its dependence on demand, crop yields, weather, supply conditions, transportation costs, government regulations and economic condition among others (Byoungho 2004a). Quota is the major factor that affects the demand and supply of textile and fabrics. Even though the sale of raw materials is standardised, independent contractors, raw material suppliers, importers and apparel manufacturing firms could not isolate themselves from such scenario because of the prospective unsteadiness in the supply chain (Chetty 1999). As well, because of forward vertical integration, coupled with the low barrier to entry, suppliers could easily become rivals. In becoming threat of entry, suppliers could be also become a competitor to already established apparel manufacturers. In addition, contractors is also one of the threats when the demand of the labor increases, it wi ll cause labor costs price inflation. Laszlo (2008) stress that there are five main parts of the apparel value chain including raw material supply, provision of components; production networks; export channels and marketing networks at the retail level. Through the process, UNIQLO has an ownership on production and thereby a complete control on the supplies procurement. UNIQLO insources its production and handles the majority of the operational details. Sourcing is a go-to in the apparel industry but it is not rare although it can add value to UNIQLO. Ø Threat of Buyers Reaching more and diverse consuming group, the apparel industry is both a stable and unstable industry. Stable because quality price and quality products are the main element and unstable because there are many factors that affect both price and quality. In the point of consumption, for instance, there are ‘middle men such as the retail stores that offer an array of brands. In purchasing manufactured apparel, retail stores could have influence on making significant requirements and demands on their purchase, affecting prices. Though quality is inherent, prices would not be reasonable at all, and alternative clothing is readily available. This explains why apparel manufacturing companies are setting up their own stand along stores which will cater to their own produce. Important is that apparel stores must not fall dependent on s specific class of customer. Buyers are increasingly appearing to prefer above standard apparel with a much lower cost, making apparel less differentiat ed. When selling directly to consumers, buyers would incur a significant portion of their dispensable cash. Same goes with retail store, they purchase apparel at the least possible final cost, but adds up to prices of apparel. UNIQLO is involve in selling to the customers through specialty store marketing, with a minimalist strategy of pile em high, sell em cheap concept that is. In addition, the unbranded fashion or the no-logo concept was perceived to be the main reasons for peoples warm attention (Williamson 2007; Parrish, Cassill and Oxenham 2006). Competitors Analysis a) Local Competitor: Giordano According to companys website, Giordano was established in 1981 as one of the most well-known and established apparel retailers in the Asia Pacific region. The company employs 11,000 staff with over 1,700 shops operating in 30 territories worldwide. The companys vision aimed to be the best and the biggest world brand in apparel retailing with a remarkable mission i.e. â€Å"To make people feel good look great. From the companys website, they are stating that Giordano is committed to being a successful and responsible corporate citizen. Meaning, they are committed not only to delivering quality products and service to their customers and strong and sustained financial performance to their shareholders, but that are also committed in creating a positive impact in the communities where they do business. The current CEO since 1996 is Peter Lau, a Canadian Chinese. Basically, Giordano is based in Bermuda and trades on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange as 709.HK. Giordano concentrates in creating and delivering economic quality clothes such as Long Sleeve Shirts, T-Shirts, and denim jeans. On the other hand, Giordano Ladies, a sub-brand was only established in 1996. It has been instrumental to upgrading the unisex brand from a budget image to a more fashion oriented apparel retailer similar to The Gap. b) International Competitor: HM It is now a widely held view that the world economy has entered a much more complex phase where individual national economies have become inextricably linked. In this new world economy, resources and markets have ceased to have the indelible national identity of the past (Jones, 2002). Restricted resources and markets that were once legally isolated have become much more accessible to enterprises that have acquired a global strategic vision. To the more visionary global enterprises, the world is but a borderless environment with homogeneous consumers who have developed an unforgiving taste for the most sophisticated and high-quality products. In response to the needs of these global consumers, the enterprises have developed global products. How such homogenised consumers are served, however, is a question of the strategic orientation of the enterprises and their ability to exploit the ever-evolving global economic environment (Jones, 2002). With this regard, HM, a company in Sweden e ngaged in clothing and a leader in fashion business shows significant impact to their consumers in accordance to their brand and branding strategies. HM is considered as one of the worlds favourite and preferred designer of apparels and clothing for man and women. In addition, HM is also known not only for their fashion cosmetic but because of the quality of the clothes designed durability and the funkiness of its clothes. Through the online stores, HM provides the US, UK and European Market exclusive clothing designs. The main goal of this company is to provide innovative designs of apparels and clothes for different types of people in different countries all over the world. The company has been known because of its strategy of providing clothing designs exclusively for each countrys preferences and needs. HM is considered as one of the worlds favourite and preferred designer of apparels and clothing for man and women. In addition, HM is also known not only for their fashion but because of the quality of the clothes designed durability and the funkiness of its clothes (HM, 2009). The HM mission, â€Å"Fashion and Quality at its best price†. In addition, their handbags, shoes and accessories are also creating big sales and positive reactions from consumers. Through the online stores, HM provides the US, UK European Market and Asian Market exclusive clothing and even handbag designs. HM also offers perfumes and watches. The main aim of this company is to provide fast fashion goods (haute couture, ready-to-wear, handbags, perfumery, and cosmetics among others) in different countries all over the world (HM, 2009). The company has been known because of its strategy of providing fashion designs exclusively for each countrys preferences and needs which was positively accepted and loved by consumers. CPM Matrix Table 1. CPM Matrix UNIQLO Giordano HM Critical Success Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score Rating Weighted Score Rating Weighted Score Advertising 0.20 4 0.80 5 1.00 4 0.80 Product Quality 0.15 4 0.60 4 0.60 4 0.60 Price Competitiveness 0.10 4 0.40 3 0.30 4 0.40 Management 0.10 4 0.40 3 0.30 4 0.40 Financial Position 0.15 4 0.60 3 0.45 3 0.45 Customer Loyalty 0.10 4 0.40 3 0.30 3 0.30 Global Expansion 0.15 3 0.45 4 0.60 4 0.60 Market Share 0.05 3 0.15 3 0.15 3 0.15 Total 1.00 3.80 3.70 3.70 With regards to the discussion of the local and international competitors of UNIQLO, the CPM matrix describes the edge of UNIQLO over Giordano and HM. As seen in the critical success factor, UNIQLO dominates the Product Quality, Price Competitiveness, Management, Financial Position and Customer Loyalty. Despite of this, it seems that UNIQLO was lacking in advertising which was dominated by Giordano. In addition, UNIQLO also needs to consider their efforts in global expansion and market share in order to become successful in Hong Kong. Extended Marketing Mix 8Ps of Services Marketing Furthermore, since the UNIQLO as a brand concept be similar to or is associated with service stipulation, the 8Ps method adopted for service marketing may be competently espoused for its advertising. The 8Ps are: * Product This refers to the stuff or services to be offered by the company. In the case of UNIQLO, their products and services are mostly related to clothing and fashion, thus the need for constant review should be bear in mind in order to meet the changing customer expectations. * Place In UNIQLO, the place in which this product was manufactured and distributed was somewhat accessible to both suppliers and customers. Actually, UNIQLO are considering the issue regarding product availabily at the most convenient places for the target market, i.e., current and prospective clients. * Price In terms of price, UNIQLO produce were priced competitively. * Promotion UNIQLOs most effective ways to communicate to the various target groups to stimulate greater awareness, interest and patronage are somewhat good but not exceptional. UNIQLO are now using TV advertisement, Internet marketing, and billboard advertising. * Physical Evidence In terms of presentation, UNIQLOs products are exceptional. In addition to these, the services offered by the company were also outstanding. As seen in their shops UNIQLO are known with their well-dressed staff/consultants, logos on office doors/ business cetres, letter heads, brochures, complimentary cards, consultancy reports, etc. * Process With regrds to the process, the business of UNIQLO are well management in which makes their business system flawless and customer complaints are easily handled. * People When it comes to people, UNIQLO chooses the best suitable person needed by the company. This means that UNIQLO expertly indentify the capabilities of a person that will reflect the value of UNIQLO products and services. * Promise UNIQLO with their consultants are delivering their promises. In terms of quality of products and services, UNIQLO are giving it to their customers at utmost quality. * Public Relations UNIQLO stakeholders carefully identify the various publics that can impact on UNIQLO to which PR communications can be directed. Such publics include individual consultants, clients, big practices, small practices, other related professional associations, relevant agencies of the United Nations, financial institutions, etc. Developing the Concept of Servicescape and Blueprinting Servicescape- Servicescape is a concept that was developed by Booms and Bitner to emphasize the impact of the physical environment in which a service process takes place. If you were to try to describe the differences a customer encountered when entering a branch of say like McDonalds compared with a small family restaurant, the concept of servicescapes may prove useful. Booms and Bitner defined a servicescape as the environment in which the service is assembled and in which the seller and customer interact, combined with tangible commodities that facilitate performance or communication of the service (Booms and Bitner, 1981, p. 36). Servicescape may be likened to landscape. It includes facilities exterior (landscape, exterior design, signage, parking, surrounding environment) and facilities interior (interior design decor, equipment, signage, layout, air quality, temperature and ambiance). Servicescape along with other tangibles like business cards, stationary, billing statements, reports, employee dress, uniforms, brochures, web pages and virtual servicescape forms the Physical Evidence in marketing of services. Servicescape is not defined as above. The definition above is the definition for physical evidence. Physical evidence consist of servicescape combined with the tangible elements, so servicescape is a part of physical evidence. Blueprinting Service blueprinting was initially introduced as a process control technique for services that offered several advantages: it was more precise than verbal definitions; it could help solve problems preemptively; and it was able to identify failure points in a service operation.24 Just as firms have evolved to become more customer-focused, so has service blueprinting. One early adaptation was the clarification of service blueprinting as a process for plotting the customer process against organizational structure.25 Service blueprinting was further developed to distinguish between onstage and backstage activities. These key components still form the basis of the technique and its most important feature, that of illuminating the customers role in the service process.26 In addition, it provides an overview so that employees and internal units can relate what they do to the entire, integrated service system. Blueprints also help to reinforce a customer-orientation among employees as well as clarify interfaces across departmental lines. Chapter 3. Research Methodology The aim of the study is to once again, seek the various sides of economic impact in London after winning the title to be the host of the 2012 summer Olympics. It is a big challenge for the hosting country to facilitate a mega event and the industry that is in the center of the issue is the tourism. The continuous development of an industry is possible if there are factors that can affect its growth. In the existence of the Olympic event in London, there should be an appropriate investigation that might lead in determining the economic impact of Summer Olympics. Along with the complexities defined in the countries of UK, London remains the center of attention because of the opportunity in hosting the prestigious Olympic Games. After the years of 1908 and 1948 in hosting the previous Olympics, London finally acquired the honor in hosting the mega event. Obviously, years can be evidence the world is changing and with that, London must be prepared on the various effects resulting to the Olympic Games. With the help of the appropriate method, the study can gain the chance in meeting the objectives and goals. Research Methods to be Used Since the study is concern regarding the empirical ground and current situations of Londons preparedness in the upcoming Olympics, the proposed primary method is through the use of surveys and interview. There are many types of primary research available based on the purpose of the researcher/s. The design of the method can create the accurate result and overview on the concern of the study. It is expected that survey methods are more efficient in terms of gathering the primary data therefore; it is utilized in the study. Through the form of questioning the people or groups, the study can gain the limited amount of information which is also useful in understanding the subjects point-of-views. On the other hand, the use of interview helps the research in providing the ideas of a small group similar to gathering their opinions. After the e

Iran’s Influence in Iraq

ABSTRACT In the period after 2003, Iran was extensively involved in Iraq by demonstrating its leading role in the international context. However, Iraq has been confronted with substantial instability as a result of Iran’s invasion, even though scholars have presented mixed arguments about this issue. This paper discusses the role that Iran has played after 2003, which has affected both the dimensions of stability and instability. The primary objective of Iran after 2003 was to observe a positive economic change in Iraq and also to ensure that the Western troops were taken off. Different factors affected Iraq’s stability, including inherent sectarian divisions and the role of other states. There were two types of influence on Iran and they are: first and foremost was that the projects politically influenced leveraging close historical relationships with several Shi’a organizations in Iraq like the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI), the Badr organization, and the Dawah political party. A second factor was that Iran had used the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Qods Force (QF) to provide paramilitary training, weapons, and equipment to various Iraqi militant groups, including Moqtada al-Sadr’s Jaysh al-Mahdi (JAM) and the Special Group Criminals (SGCs). Iran also had an influence on the legal and constructive functions of Iraq. Although it was seen that Iran’s policy in Iraq is also duplicitous, it publicly called for stability but diverted Iraq’s government and illegally sponsored anti-government militias. INTRODUCTION Although the factors and consequences surrounding Iran and Iraq war have been extensively discussed in the research literature, the post-war implications have been hardly understood. The United States has been accusing Tehran of its undue interference, which was done by Arab leaders for establishing an Islamic Republic[1], and by prominent Iraqi officials of an array of illegitimate meddling. It has been observed that Iran’s influence in Iraq has created a quite complex situation for the entire region. Iran had vital interests in Iraq, which can be perceived as strategic important for establishing power relations in the region. In order to maximise the success of Iraq from its political transition, it is very important that Tehran and Baghdad work together. In addition, it is fundamental for all involved parties to prevent the US from further deterioration of its relations with the Islamic Republic.[2] Therefore, the objective of the present research is to explore Iran’ s role and influence in Iraq in both political and military aspects. The essay is divided into introduction followed by theoretical remarks regarding the Iraqi insurgency, and the political stability. In reviewing the literature on the conflict between Iran and Iraq, it becomes clear that Iran has played a role in bringing about instability in Iraq since 2003, which has been further divided into different sections. The first and the foremost division occurred between those academics who cite Iranian influence to be the most significant destabilising factor in post-2003 Iraq, and others who hold the opinion that Iran’s influence is considered either positive or insignificant. As per Barzegar[3], the first approach is that Iran’s influence in Iraq is both strong and negative. At the same time, it has been indicated that Iran had a negative foreign policy. The nature of Iran’s relations had changed with various militant groups in Iraq and after the fall of Saddam’s regime in 2003. Moreover, Iran had deployed thousands of intelligence and paramilitary people to Iraq, as Iran had conflicting and negative goals in Iraq. The primary goal of Iran was to expand its influence at both national and local levels in Iraq. Thus, it was seen that it had made links with the local actors, even when they opposed Iran’s preferred clients at the national level. It may be also argued that Iran follows a policy of favouritism. In the beginning after the invasion, Iran has tried to combat US power. The US had a strong position in Iraq, which could have a negative impact on the security of Iran. With the worsening situation in Iraq, and with the regime change that the US tried to impose in Iraq, the United States became less of a driver of Iranian actions, although it was always an important factor in the Iranian leadership’s calculations. Soon after 9/11 Iran also had changed some of its policy as there were significant changes in the US policy. Initially Iran had cooperated with the US with regards to al-Qaida and to some degree in Afghanistan’s issues. However, later on Iran believed that the United States rebuffed its gestures. In addition to this Iran also had exploited the situation that followed the US regime and change in Iraq so as to expand its influence there.[4] As of today, Iran has its closest ties with the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI), formerly the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI). This relationship basically was on the exceptionally close and subservient days when SCIRI’s role was that of an Iranian proxy to be wielded against Saddam’s regime during the bitter 1980-8 Iran-Iraq war. Indeed, Iran even organised part of SCIRI into the Badr Corps to fight against Iraqi forces on Iran’s behalf. Today, as the International Crisis Group notes, â€Å"although the extent of ISCI’s continued involvement with it is a matter of debate, there is no question that Tehran exerts significant influence over the Party and that ISCI’s ties to Iran’s security establishment remain strong†.[5] Therefore, ISCI has been recognised as having the strongest ties to Iran. It has also been shown as quite cooperative with the United States.[6] For instance, ISCI had members, which were a part of Iraq’s intelligence and police forces. These members are now working with the United States in its capacity as part of the Iraqi government; they have also gone after ISCI rivals like Muqtada as-Sadr’s Jaysh al-Mahdi (JAM). In spite of ISCI being Iran’s closest ally in Iraq, Tehran has had many other relationships, which were maintained at any cost including weakening ISCI, such as Iran’s ties to JAM have grown to the extent of even hosting its leader Muqtada al-Sadr. This happened despite his repeated criticisms of Tehran and violent rivalry with ISCI. Thus, all these efforts were done to accomplish the initially set goals, including the major idea of maintaining a solid local influence.[7] IRAN-IRAQ WAR (1980-1988) It is important to clarify the circumstances leading to the 1980-1988 Iraq-Iran war in order to understand Iran’s and Iraq’s complicated relations. In 1979, after the rule of the Shah of Iran was overthrown in 1979, under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini, an Islamic Republic of Iran was established. Soon after assuming power, Ayatollah Khomeini not only exported the Islamic revolution to other countries in the Middle East but also to Iraq.[8] Because of all this Saddam Hussein in 1980 decided to initiate a war; thus, for the next two years there was a persistent war between Iran and Iraq, resulting in Iraq being expelled from Iran. [9] Although at this juncture Iran could have been declared victorious, Khomeini fought across the Shatt al-Arab waterway in Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein and forced his resolution in there. Khomeini had thought that Shiites would support him in his invasion but they were least interested to do it. Throughout the Arab countries it was assumed that it would take time for Iran to overthrow Saddam Hussein before the vulnerable monarchies of the Gulf fell, including the prised Saudi Arabia and its oil. Till now America was just waiting and watching all the drama (war), but at this juncture it decided to get into the war itself and tilt towards Iraq.[10] During the reign of Saddam Hussein, Iran launched a number of Shiite groups who violently opposed the Iraqi Baathist regime and this particularly took place before the Iran-Iraq war had started. The Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution (SCIR) in Iraq was led by Ayatollah Muhammad Bakr al-Hakim and his militia, the Badr Brigade, also joined forces with Iran in the Iran-Iraq war and very actively participated in the war by supporting the Iranian side. [11] After responding to the President George H. W. Bush’s ill-fated call for a Shiite uprising, which happened in 1991, SCIRI temporarily occupied the Iraqi port of Basra. Soon after the reprisals, SCIRI continued to be with the Shiite group and opposed Saddam Hussein. They were competing with different groups, such as Ahmed Chalabi’s Iraqi National Congress. After the US invasion and also after the establishment of the interim Iraqi government, SCIRI established itself as one of the most important and main political parties, which represented southern Shia (the other being Dawa). [12] Bakr al-Hakim, who was an Iraqi religious leader, was killed in the US led Iraq war. Abdul-Aziz Al-Hakim was the SCIRI’s political leader and was very famous in Iraq as a politician.[13] Moreover, SCIRI and Dawa had supported Abdul-Aziz al-Hakim when he was in Iran and was exiled; they also gave their support to the Iranian regime and advocated an Iraqi Islamic theocracy. After returning back to Iraq, they withdrew their support from Dawa and another government party, which was led by the velayat-e faqih. As a result, they started propagating the meaningful role of religion in governance.[14] IRAN’S STRATEGY TO INFLUENCE IRAQ Soon after the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime in 2003, Iran tried to influence Iraq by adopting the strategy that Iran and Iraq are neighbours with a long history of dealing with one another. In addition, they both have same historic, religious, economic, and cultural factors of influence. Moreover, the eight-year long war was a result of their troubled relationship, in which Iran tried to position itself to influence the formation of a new government in Iraq. This took place through the use of all elements of national power: diplomatic means, information technology, military, and economic resources. Iran has tried to achieve its goals in Iraq by adopting different strategies. For instance, Iran openly supported pro-Iranian factions and armed militias; it also tried to influence Iraqi political leaders by building strong economic ties in Iraq, which were considered a manifestation of goodwill towards Iran.[15] According to Joseph Felter and Brian Fishman,[16] Iran has persistently tried to affect the political landscape of Iraq. It has been argued that Iran has a well-developed plan so as to exert influence in Iraq in order to minimise or avoid the American power projection in the Middle East. Two significant modes of Iranian influence have been identified in Iraq. The first mode was associated with the idea to influence Iraqi politics through the assistance of various Shiite organisations, such as the Supreme Council of Iraq, the Badr organisation, and the Dawa political party. The second method suggested support of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Qods Force (QF) to obtain arms and ammunition as well as paramilitary training to various Iraqi militant groups to include Moqtada al Sadr’s Jaysh al Mahdi (JAM) and the Special Group Criminals (SGCs). Iran’s influence on Iraq has been identified as economic and religious. Iran’s ambitions for influence have spread to different diplomatic, military, and economic sectors of Iraq. Iran wanted to influence Iraq not only politically but through the involvement of mass media by creating a specific image in minds of Iraqi people so as to get help for its strategy. In economic terms, Iran has helped Iraq to build its trade and expand it accordingly.[17] IRANIAN MILITARY INFLUENCE IN IRAQ Because of the influence over the military, it had made many insurgent groups to operate in Iraq and some of them were directly opposing the US military in Iraq. With such influence in Iraq, Iran could possibly retaliate against the United States. In turn, this prompted the United States to convince the United Nations to impose economic sanctions on Iran because of its nuclear program. Iran also executed return attacks on the US forces using proxy militia groups in Iraq in case the US decided to take direct military action.[18] Since 2003, Iran had pursued extensive collaboration with Iraqi political allies, such as the United States, in order to participate in the nascent democratic political process. It has also armed, trained, and funded Shiite militias with the idea to defeat the United States, which would prevent further intervention of the US army in that particular area.[19] As Katzman mentions,[20] in the period from 2005 to 2008, Iran had increased support for Iraqi Shiite militias and took over both the material aid like physical arming of militia groups and the contribution of troops, as well as training or harbouring of insurgents. The Quds forces were supplying material to Iran, and they were charged for territorial actions, although reports have said that the military training in the Iraqi Shi’a militia was done by the Lebanese group Hezbollah.[21] The major terrorist activity was completed by Iran and Quds Force. This was confirmed in 2010 by the US State Department[22], but it appears that not only this Iranian government was involved between the IRGC and the Special Groups inside Iraq.[23] It has been noted that the Iraqi military group linked most strongly to Iran, is probably the Badr Corps, the armed wing of the ISCI, which, even prior to 2003, was described as â€Å"Iran’s most important action arm inside Iraq†.[24] Bergner (2007) stated that Iraqi Shiite groups were not in the situation to bring about such massive and destructive attacks, without weapons and training from Iran, implying that Tehran has carefully planned its actions. Again it was argued that links between military groups in Iraq were made in Iran, and this further fuelled instability. However, the question whether other agents or groups were involved in creating such an unstable situation remains open.[25] IRANIAN POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT IN IRAQ By 2011, it has been observed that Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq, was openly against the Vice President Hashemi. In addition, there was persistent agitation between Erbil and Baghdad, which made the members of Iraqiyya and the Kurds to actually consider prime minister’s ouster seriously, which occurred in the 2012 spring. At this point Maliki’s opponents took the help of Sadrist because it was necessary at that point of time to obtain 163 votes, which were required to pass a non- confidence motion. Sadr was not willing to break with the other Shiite blocs and side with Maliki’s Kurdish and Sunni opponents in a non- confidence motion, in spite of having meetings between top Kurdish, Iraqiyya, and Sadrist officials (including Sadr himself) in Erbil and Najaf.[26] President Jalal Talabani was also under high pressure from the Iranian government to help and support Maliki, but he directly opposed the initiation of a non-confidence vote in the parliament, sa ying that there is no proper support for this action.[27] However, by June 2012, it has been evident that the non- confidence vote had faltered. It was in late 2012 reported that the President Talabani had changed his position on a non- confidence motion because of growing tensions among Arabs and Kurds.[28] By the end of 2012, Talabani suffered a stroke there by ending any chance of renewing push to remove Maliki through a non-confidence measure. De-Ba‘athification served the Iranian ambition more than the Iraqi one. The extensive period of Saddam Hussein’s Ba‘athist rule had left a deep societal mistrust and sectarian divisions. This institution, de-Ba‘athification, was created after Saddam’s downfall in 2003, but it was very quickly politicised, which also applied a ban on the former members of the Ba‘ath party. Again it was noted that there were links between the Iranian-backed militant groups and the head of the Shi‘a-dominated commis sion and his deputies, Ahmed Chalabi and Ali al- Lami.[29] Iran has been involved in Iraqi politics since 2003. Yet, Iranian efforts to exert influence over politics in Iraq have been evident since 1980s. However, the main point which is debated is whether Iran is committed to exerting long-term control over such a government, and whether the Iranian government would be comfortable in allowing a Shiite Iraqi government to become militarily and political powerful. It has also been claimed that the Iranian government had exerted persistent political pressure over the US to force the Americans to withdraw their troops in 2008 as per US-Iraq Security Agreement.[30] It has also been observed that Iran normally exerts pressure on the political sphere in Iraq through Iraq’s Shiite political parties by using its religious prowess to garner favour in the Shiite community. It appears that many of the political links were falsified after the Iran-Iraq war. This resulted in a huge number of Iraqi political figures being exiled in Iran and returning in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion to influence the politics in their home country. Iraqi Prime Minister, Nouri al-Maliki, had to spend a substantial amount of time in Iran, although most of his exile was spent in Syria, but this was during the rule of Saddam Hussein.[31] Similarly, it has been also noted that the Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr had strong links with the Iranian religious government and political establishment, although the Sadrist movement was basically anti-Iranian.[32] There were lots of other people, who felt that Iran had a negative impact on the instability of Iraq. According to Alsis et al.,[33] after the war the elections backed all major Shiite parties, so that if any of the party wins elections can be beholden to Tehran. Again this was the strategy of Iran to get support, which had led to Shiite divisions, and thus the cause of conflict and instability in many case s. Such political instability was the major cause of the development of various divisions in Iraqi society. The eruption of these division fuelled pressure not only in Iraq but in the entire region. During the 2010 elections, many incidents of violence were reported. This raised the question about the politically unstable country considering the presence of weak coalitions and holding of elections. This has provided Iran with an opportunity to demonstrate its support for Shiites, as this could be conducive to social stability, or such a condition may simply serve to whitewash and thus diminish the reality of the ground situation. The Brookings Institute Iraq Index (2006)[34] had charted a peak in multiple fatality bombings in January 2005, during the elections, and again during other months of the same year. All this has been seen very common in Iraq and somehow very much seen during Ramadan and elections, or in other words, it was considered quite normal during religious and political events. For example, Cordesman cites that â€Å"the number of attacks peaked to some 700 per week in October 2005, before the October 15th referendum on the constitution, compared to 430 per week in mid- January†.[35] In relation to these events, many political groups and parties, who are said to have links to political establishments of Iran and also independent elements within Iran, have argued that most of these groups have strong influence and links to the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI). It has been observed in recent years that the Mahdi Army, which is led by Moqtada al-Sadr, has become very powerful and influential due to reported links with Iran of Sadr.[36] ECONOMIC INFLUENCE Since the US invasion, trade between Iran and Iraq has steadily increased and Iran is now Iraq‘s biggest trading partner[37], and the trade consists of building materials, chemicals, consumer goods, and foodstuffs, much of it via the border at Mehran and Mundhirriya/QasrShirin. In addition to this, Iran has negotiated electricity deals with Iraq that were implemented after the CPA era.[38] According to the Iranian ambassador to Iraq, Iran supplies 750 megawatts of electricity to Iraq daily. Moreover, two Iranian banks have received an approval to open their branches in Iraq.[39] Nonetheless, Iran’s investments in real estate and businesses in Basra, Karbala, and Najaf have been seen as exploitative rather than a form of gratitude from Iraqis.[40] To add to this Iran-Iraq economic ties are strong, and this has been encouraged to some extent by the impact of international sanctions on Iran and in other markets. It was demonstrated by Iran‘s ambassador in August 2010 that Iran would double its trade volume with Iraq.[41] Iranian officials have also indicated that they welcome a strong economic integration between the two countries, â€Å"Our message to Iraqi brothers in my visit is that Iran is fully ready to expand ties with Baghdad. We announced that Tehran is prepared to put its scientific, technical, engineering, economic and commercial potentials at the disposal of Iraq†.[42] In 2005, there were reports that to get a job in Basra, this requires the sponsorship of Iran, as teaching posts were filled only by those who were supporting Iran[43]. As a result, most traders in southern parts of Iran speak Farsi and many accept Iranian currency. Iranian exports include electricity, refined oil products, and cars. It al so helps to fund reconstruction. Iraqis have also started receiving medical care from Iran. Thus, Iran has presented a strong economic influence on Iraq. IRAN’S BROADER ROLE IN IRAQI SECURITY The interests of Iran and Iraq security coincide in certain areas and security competition is complicated as it is seen by some Iraqis that Iran is making huge efforts to acquire nuclear weapons as a Muslim bomb, and not as a threat to Iraq.[44] It was also noted that Iran has given some funding to Iraq‘s security forces in 2005, and Iraq had to promise the United States that Iran would not train Iraqi security forces.[45] Iran had pressurised on the security arrangement between the US and Iraq. General Odierno who was the Commander of the Multi-National Force in Iraq at that time said on October 12, 2008, that Iran may try to corrupt the members of the Council of Representatives so as to vote against the Status of Forces agreement.[46] However, in December 2011 Iran indicated that the US forces should withdraw from Iraq, as the US should not use Iraqi land, sea, and air for launching or for any transit point when they attack other countries.[47] It has been argued that some Iraqi military and intelligence officials had significant influence over elements of the Iraqi Ministry of the Interior, and had accused Iran of providing shaped charges and artillery to Iraqi militants. Moreover, Iran had also recruited thousands of Iraqis for gathering information; in fact, Iran has had intelligence agents in northern Iraq for at least 20 years.[48] As per Dafna Linzer, the rough estimate about Iranian intelligence officers in Iraq in 2007 was about 150.[49] It was also observed that some of the Iranian people felt that an increase in Iraq would be a threat to them, while others have attempted to use Iraq‘s military as a wedge to force the US out of Iraq.[50] As per Iran‘s Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi, â€Å"Considering the fact that the Iraqi Army can provide security, their presence in the country is not justifiable†.[51] THE ROLE OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTIONARY GUARD IN IRAQ Immediately after the fall of Saddam in 2003, Iran began funnelling much of its aid to militias in Iraq via the Qods Force, which is a branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.[52] They not only provided funding, weapons, operatives, and training to groups in Iraq, but also to Islamic militants in Palestine, Bosnia, Hezbollah in Lebanon, fighters in south Sudan, and the Taliban in Afghanistan.[53] It was argued by Mahan Abedin, who is a director of research at the London-based Centre for the Study of Terrorism that Qods’ training was largely focused on utilising intelligence and this was the key to their success. As per official figures, the number of Qods and Iranian intelligence personnel in Iraq was 150, while US commanders believe there were only fewer Shiite provinces.[54] Although the United States was slow to grasp the full extent of Iran‘s expanding role in Iraq, but on July 19, 2005, the United States sent a secret cable to Iran which stated that a British soldier was killed by an explosive which was supplied by Iran, although Iran denied there involvement, which lead to confrontations. [55] The Commander General Petraeus, who was in power during the Multi-National Force operation in Iraq, stated in his testimony to Congress that â€Å"none of us earlier this year appreciated the extent of Iranian involvement in Iraq, something about which we and Iraq‘s leaders all now have greater concern†.[56] Moreover, the Qods was a tool used by Iran directly or indirectly for hurting the US military and also disrupting American interests in Iraq. In 2007, General Petraeus stated that, â€Å"There should be no question about the malign, lethal involvement and activities of the Qods Force in this country†. He went on to add that Iran was â€Å"responsible for providing the weapons, the training, the funding and in some cases the direction for operations that have indeed killed US soldiers†.[57] American officials did not accuse the Qods Force directly for attacking Americans and very carefully said that they were not aware of leadership of the Iranian gover nment as being involved in the Qods Force‘s activities.[58] Such uncertainty in the US regarding the potential involvement of Iran in hte Qods Force raises certain issues that should be addressed by American politicians. Although the American president, George W. Bush, confidently said that those arms, ammunitions and explosives, which were used in Iraq, were certainly from the Qods Force, but â€Å"we are not aware whether or not the head leaders of Iran ordered the Quds Force to do what all this and what all they did †. [59] As per the US intelligence reports, which leaked in 2010, certain details were provided about the precise extent to which Iran was involved in 2006-2009 violence. The report also said that the IRGC used Hezbollah to train militants in Iran before crossing to Iraq. Moreover, General Petraeus had stated Hezbollah‘s role in a 2007 report to Congress.[60] The reports draw on testimony from detainees, captured diaries, and weapons originating in Iran which included explosively formed penetrators, bombs, and surface-to-air missiles. Thus, by all these reports it can be concluded that Iran had a hand in training and resourcing of specific attacks, including assassinations of Iraqi ministry officials, mortar attacks on the Green Zone, and also on kidnappings of American soldiers. In addition, General Petraeus implicated Iran in the 2007 car bombing and killing of two southern Iraqi governors. Besides using Hezbollah to train terrorists, the reports point to both the Badr Corps and Mahdi Army as allies in Iranian efforts.[61] According to the Long War Journal, which is basically based on interviews with senior military and intelligence officials and also mid-level military people, the Qods Force streamlined its operations in Iraq by creating the Ramazan Corps. The Corps was responsible for most of Qods Forces operations in Iraq in 2007 and consists of the Fajr command in the south, Nasr command in the north, and Zafar command in central Iraq. The Qods Force’s aid also included Mahdi Army, the Badr Brigades, the Qazali Network, the Sheibani Network, and many more groups and parties, as they mostly targeted political rivals, the Iraqi Security Forces, and Coalition forces. Moreover, when Badr Brigades and SCIRI formed a government, Iranian groups targeted them.[62] Again as per Brigadier General Kevin Begner, on July 2, 2007, Iran had supplied the Iraqi militias with $3 million per month.[63] Again in 2011, the US raised concerns over Iran‘s involvement in Iraqi violence and said that the incre ase in the number of Americans dying in the summer of 2011 was because Iran had supported Iraqi militants. Again in July, Admiral Mullen said that Iran was supplying militias in Iraq so as to take credit for withdrawing American troops.[64] During the war, which lasted for 8 years, Iran has developed strong ties in terms of religious and political influence with Shiite parties. During this period, Iran played a very important role in mediating between the Iraqi political leaders. It also had strong relations with the Sadrists who are one of the largest political parties in Iran’s ruling collation. Moreover, IRGC also had a significant influence over Iraqi security forces. Iran also has a large mix of resources, which were available in the process of exerting influence upon Iraq after Saddam Hussein was toppled in 2003. Iran also used its influence in Iraq so as to divert the US goals, and pursue its own goals and interests. Iran used its sway in Iraq in order to keep the pro-Iranian Shiite Prime Minister Maliki in power and also to maintain stability along its western border. Thus, it can be argued that Iran’s role in Iraq is very complex, and not a simple task to mould Iraq as per the wishes of Iran. [65] CONCLUSION From all that has been discussed and looked at above, it is beyond doubt that since the invasion of Iraq by the United States and the downfall of Saddam Hussein, Iran has exerted more and more influence in Iraq by both conventional and unconventional methods. It has used a number of tools ranging from economic, political, military, regional to historic to exert such influence and has also formed proxies both with organisations of different profiles and objectives. Sectarianism and factional divisions have also been largely exploited by Iran to achieve its goals. Iranian influence in Iraq is vital to Iran since it considers its importance as a means of establishing its regional dominance and counters the influence of the United States in Iraq. Such efforts of establishing its influence in Iraq have not been without setbacks considering that Iran has had to work with organisations that have been counter-productive in their goals and objectives. The situation in Syria in the past few years has also lessened the viability of Iran’s dominance in the region. Even with such setbacks, Iran has enjoyed some benefits from its dominance in Iraq since trade between the two countries has flourished in a critical moment when Iran was undergoing trade sanctions from the United States and Western countries. One can only wait to see how long such influence will be exerted and whether such status enjoyed by Iran now will continue to exist regardless of the political situation in Iraq. BIBLIOGRAPHY Al-Jazeera English. (2011). â€Å"Iraqi PM in US to Chart Future Relations.† Accessed July 2, 2014, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2011/12/2011121273244299490.html. Allawi, A. (2007). The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace. New Haven: Yale University Press. Alsis, P., Cordesman, A. H., Mausner, A. and Loi, C. 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