The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien - 580 Words

In the book, The Things They Carried, author Tim O’Brien tells the captivating story of soldiers and everything they had to go through during the Vietnam War. He tells of the many things that change a person during a war and what helped many to get through it. One of the main things that helped them to get through was women. While women did not play a huge role in this book, they did play a very important role. Women were the†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Martha was the lady that Lieutenant Jimmy Cross loved. He carried letters and two pictures along with his love for her around at all times. All of the letters from her were signed Love, Martha and he knew that that was the only a way of signing a letter but he still hoped that she loved him back. He was constantly thinking about her. He thought about her so much that when he was supposed to be destroying the tunnels his friend, Ted Lavender, was shot and killed. He blamed himself for the death of his friend, but even then all he could think about was being away from Martha. â€Å"He pictured Martha’s smooth young face, thinking he loved her more than anything, more than his men, and now Ted Lavender was dead because he loved her so much and could not stop thinking about her† (O’Brien 6.) The story of Martha and Jimmy shows the trials and tribulations of love during a war. He was responsible for the entire Alpha Company, for everything that they did and yet all he could think about was one women who was all the way across the world, safe at her home.Show MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried by Tim Obrien1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe War at Home The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien, transports the reader into the minds of veterans of the Vietnam conflict. The Vietnam War dramatically changed Tim O’Brien and his comrades, making their return home a turbulent and difficult transition. The study, titled, The War at Home: Effects of Vietnam-Era Military Service on Post-War Household Stability, uses the draft lottery as a â€Å"natural experiment† on the general male population. The purpose of the NBER (National Bureau of EconomicRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim O’brien1610 Words   |  7 PagesThe Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien Plot: 1. RISING ACTION †¢ In the summer of 1968, Tim O’Brien receives a draft notice. Despite a desire to follow his convictions and flee to Canada, he feels he would be embarrassed to refuse to fulfill his patriotic duty and so concedes to fight in Vietnam. CLIMAX †¢ During their tour of duty, the men of the Alpha Company must cope with the loss of their own men and the guilt that comes from killing and watching others die. FALLING ACTION †¢ After he returnsRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim OBrien1156 Words   |  5 PagesIn Tim O’Brien’s novel, â€Å"The Things They Carried,† imagination is seen to be both beneficial and harmful. This novel consists of a story truth and a real truth. Tim O’Brien writes the book about the Vietnam War based primarily on his memory of the war. He does not remember every detail of the war, thus he makes up some false details to make the story seem more interesting. He does not only describe his own experiences, but also describe the experiences of other characters. He wants the readers toRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim OBrien1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien begins by Mr. OBrien describing his dramatical events that happened during the middle of his Vietnam experience while he was fighting in the war. Mr. OBrien received his draft notice in the month of June in the year of 1968. When he received this notice Mr. OBrien had feelings of confusion, and that drove him to go north to the Canadian border, and it had him contemplating if he wanted to cross it or not because he does not want to be forced toRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim OBrien793 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel, The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien there is an ambiguity assigned to the life of a soldier in the Vietnam war, an ambiguity that represents no clear moral victor, no clear heroes, and seemingly no end. In the movie, Platoon, written and directed by Oliver Stone, the same ambiguity is depicted, with no clear moral direction, no clear heroes, and no clear resolution. In the short story, â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† O’Brien talks in great detail about how a true war story, andRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien550 Words   |  2 Pagespersonnel documents are in order. These are just a few items that need to be checked off of a to-do list, or inventory if you will. In â€Å"The Things They Carried† by Tim O’Brien, the main character, First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, runs through a series of events that he had his squad carried, both on their person and in their minds. â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about Cross and the soldiers under him and their activities in Vietnam during the war. The story begins with Cross introducing the objectRead MoreThe Things they Carried by Tim OBrien529 Words   |  2 PagesIn the story The Things They Carried Tim O’Brien didn’t mention anything about traditional war heroes. I think this was a great idea, because there are no traditional war heroes. A traditional war hero is someone who is fearless and someone who can’t be harmed mentally or emotionally. But in The Things They Carried the soldiers out on the front lines were emotionally and physically scarred. Tim O’Brien didn’t write about traditional war heroes, O’Brien wrote about normal people, people with differentRead MoreOverview: The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien1510 Words   |  7 Pages The Things They Carried is a novel written by Vietnam Veteran Tim O’Brien. The Vietnam War took place between 1955 and 1975. Most of the soldiers fighting were young teenage men around the age of eighteen and nineteen years old. Like O’Brien many of these young men were pulled away from their families and life to fight a war they didn’t approve of or even know about. This had a strong affect on most of these men and O’Brien uses different ways to show how the Vietnam War affected them both physicallyRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim OBrien580 Words   |  2 Pagesdaydreaming and felt the pain of Lavenders death. He came to realize he was to blame for the death of Ted Lavender. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross’ mind was mixed with the emotions of both Martha and the death of Ted Lavender. While Lavenders body was being carried to the chopper, all Lieutenant Cross could think about was Martha. He was thinking about how he loved her more than anything, even more than his men. He believed Ted Lavender was dead because he loved Martha so much and could not stop thinking aboutRead MoreThe Things They Carried’ by Tim O’Brien Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pages‘The Things They Carried’ by Tim O’Brien provides a insider’s view of war and its distractions, both externally in dealing with combat and internally dealing with the reality of war and its effect on each solder. The story, while set in Vietnam, is as relevant today with the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan as it was in the 1960’s and 1970’s in Southeast Asia. With over one million soldiers having completed anywhere from one to three tours in combat in the last 10 years, the real conflict might

Who is liable Free Essays

This situation is full of negligence .So let’s start from the very beginning. â€Å"Bobby and Rachel were playing basketball on the school playground with a brand new backboard and rim built and installed by ACE Sports†. We will write a custom essay sample on Who is liable? or any similar topic only for you Order Now So this new equipment was installed by ACE Sports and this is their fault that Bobby was injured. If an accident is caused by a defective product, the manufacturer and seller of the product are both liable even if the injured person doesn’t know which one was careless in creating or allowing the defect, or exactly how the defect happened. Also they were playing at the school playground, so the school authorities should stick to the security rules, and check school equipments. As we can see Rachel was also a â€Å"good† example of negligence, she wasn’t aware of the first aid rules and this is the fault of the school. She even didn’t have any idea to take Bobby to the school First Aid Box .As it known   The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations, 1981, placed a general duty on the University to make adequate First Aid provision for all employees should they be injured or become ill at work. Each School and/or building is therefore required to provide:  a number of properly stocked First Aid Boxes appropriate to the risks of accidents or injuries that could arise from school activities and to place these boxes in the care of an Appointed Person or qualified First Aider;  access to the services of one or more qualified First Aiders as appropriate to the work of the School (Area);   notices giving the names and locations of the qualified First Aiders, Appointed Persons and the locations of the First Aid Boxes. The increased risk of injuries in recent years has made us all the more sensitive of the need for clear communication with youth and parents or legal guardians, for appropriate supervision for all activities, and proper maintenance of our facilities to reduce the possibility of accidental injury. The term â€Å"risk management† is often used to describe efforts to minimize possible injuries to those who are in care. A teacher’s duty of care also relates to the quality of instruction or training provided to the students. Regulation 298 requires teachers to â€Å"be responsible for effective instruction, training and evaluation of the progress of pupils in the subjects assigned to the teacher.† Ineffective instruction and training can cause serious harm to students, especially to those participating in activities that have the potential to place them at risk. When planning courses and activities for students, educators should consider what needs to be done to reduce risks of liability. Teachers must make every effort to address such crucial issues as the degree of supervision required, the instruction and training needed to permit the students to function properly, and the condition of the equipment to be used. So Rachel had no experience at all in this aria. The next element of negligence: â€Å"When they arrived at City General hospital, Bobby was immediately seen by a nurse who gave a large towel to Bobby.   Nurse Williams told Bobby to put pressure on the cut while she tried to get a hold of his parents.† As we can see even the nurse didn’t provide right first aid. Instead of towel she should give special bandage:   â€Å"Individually Wrapped Triangular Bandages (preferably sterile): can be used as a pad to stop bleeding, as a sterile covering for large injuries such as burns, as a bandage, or to make a sling.† So we can judge her for the negligence because a person can be considered negligent whenever he or she had a duty to act carefully and failed to do so. She failed not only provide first aid but also she made him to wait, instead of giving him certain treatment. Unfortunately this hospital shows us that a great part of its staff failed in their duty: Dr. Andrews, a surgeon who was going to have a lunch and sent him to make an x-rate, then ten minutes later, Nurse Williams who told Bobby to go to the x-ray department, Johnny, the x-ray technologist who took some x-rays and sent Bobby back. So let’s turn to the STATE (TORT) LIABILITY LAW. There are three types of torts under state law, each with different levels of proof and focusing upon different elements of the injury or damage. Evidence rules, precedent, and judicial discretion play a role in determining what type of tort law will be applied. NEGLIGENCE — In this case, intent or mental state do not matter. What matters is whether some inadvertent act or failure to act created an unreasonable risk to another member of society. (Examples: speeding resulting in traffic accident; not responding to 911 call) Most states have three levels of negligence: (1) slight or mere (absence of foresight); (2) gross (reckless disregard) this is our case and (3) criminal. To be prosecuted under tort law for negligence usually requires at least level 2 since to be prosecuted for mere negligence requires considering foresee ability which would support charging the person with an intentional tort or not. Examples of gross negligence or accumulations of mere negligence constitute deliberate indifference.   This standard is usually satisfied by looking at whether or not the agency administration engaged in supervisory negligence. Virtually every decision a police administrator makes subjects them to possible liability. There are examples of supervisory negligence and our case relates to them: Failure to treat – also a liability of officers and jail manager; not providing first aid, ambulance service, or counselling (given the foresee ability of suicide); Negligent entrustment ;Negligent assignment ;Failure to direct ;Failure to discipline; Failure to investigate ;Failure to protect ;Negligent classification etc. Negligence, according to Sr. Mary Angela Shaughnessy, S.C.N., J.D., is the most common of all lawsuits filed against educators. Negligence is an unintentional act or omission, which results in injury. Due to the fact that negligence is unintentional, a person charged with negligence is generally not going to face criminal charges but monetary charges (Shaughnessy, 1996, pp.8-9). So I also can state that we deal with not only simple, everyday negligence but with Legal negligence. Legal negligence must include four elements. If any of these elements is missing, legal negligence cannot be found. The four elements of negligence are: Duty †¢ Violation of duty †¢ Proximate cause †¢ Injury Our case has all this elements. The person charged with negligence must have had a responsibility or a duty in the situation. Injuries that occur at a place or time where the person does not have responsibility does not constitute liability. Violation of duty means that the person charged with negligence was not engaged in the responsibility or duty. Accidents can happen even with proper supervision but there is no negligence if there is no violation of duty. And as we can see the violation of duty had a great deal in this case. Now I can state that I have entirely evaluated the potential liability (tort or otherwise) of the various parties in this case. SOURCES 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police Liability Concerning Human Rights 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kappeler, V. (1993). Critical Issues in Police Civil Liability. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. How to cite Who is liable?, Essay examples

BHP Billiton Strategic Management

Question: Describebhp billiton with proper citation and references. Answer: Introduction BHP Billiton is a global resources company that has made considerable advancements in the domestic as well as the international market. The three key considerable indicators are sales revenue, financial consolidation in the market as well as the business sustainability in the end ("BHP Billiton | A leading global resources company", 2016) .It can be said that BHP Billiton has made considerable progress from the current financial year. In the current year, BHP Billiton has taken aggressive expansion policies to facilitate business expansion. The sales revenue of the brand in the current financial year is $61.2 billion. As per Hitt et al. (2012), the BHP Billiton has widened its range of product and service offerings to the buyers. From offering only petroleum products to the buyers, it has widened its range to metals and minerals to match consumer expectation. Internal environmental analysis Resource capabilities BHP Billiton has abundant resources to assist the organization in its growth (BHP Billiton | A leading global resources company", 2016). In this regard, Eden and Ackermann (2013) noted that the operational as well as the manufacturing infrastructure have assisted the organization to produce goods with the minimum amount of time and effort. The core competencies of BHP Billiton are state- of- the art infrastructure and the operational policies of the business organization. In addition, it has an expertise work force to assist the business organization in its growth. Slack (2015) stated that the business organization can cover a wide range of production activities to facilitate the consumer demand. Besides this, the following core competencies have been identified in the case of BHP Billiton. Asset Portfolio According to Bettis et al (2015), the BHP Billiton has substantial asses that caters towards a wide business portfolio The brand has various assets that helps in the gathering and the production of natural resources in the global market . It is distributed throughout the international market. In addition, it has leased a few portions of its fixed assets in the organization that brings a wide portion of the annual revenues to the business enterprise Experience- Rothaermel (2015) stated that BHP Billiton has been operating for a number of years in the domestic as well as the international market. Thus, it has a considerable experience in mining metals as well as petroleum. This experience has been proved to be valuable in the growth and sustainability of the business enterprise. The brand has been operating for over a decade, and possesses a detailed knowledge of the petroleum and mining resources of the country. Size BHP Billiton is one of the biggest companies through market capitalization in Australia. According to Bettis et al. (2014), it is a multinational brand and encompasses a wide range of production activities in the organization. In the case of BHP Billiton, the brand has fixed assets through a variety of mining and natural resources that has been facilitating the growth of the organization in the global market. Essential directions as well as the objectives - BHP Billiton has pre-determined objectives and goals, which the organization has established. As such, the production and the operational activities of the organization have been aligned with the long-term goals. According to Eden and Ackermann (2013), the brand seeks to be the number one business entity in the domestic market. The brand seeks to follow an expansion policy to expand its business operations in places that are still left to be explored. According to Gamble and Thompson (2014), BHP Billiton is in the process of acquiring newer fields of mining resources in the country .As per the objectives of the organization; BHP Billiton has developed business partnerships with other brands operating in the same product and service line. Slack (2015) mentioned that this has assisted the brand in strengthening the financial resources as well as the operational resources of the country. Vrio The VRIO framework represents the four constituents like Value, Rarity, Imitability as well as organization. Rothaermel (2015) stated that BHP Billiton emphasizes in these four constituents for the continuous growth as well as consolidating its existing business performance in the domestic as well as in the global market. The concept of value relates to the principles that the organization follows in structuring its business operations. Rarity refers to the uniqueness s in the organization that has enabled the brand to build a distinct brand identity. BHP Billiton has a distinct brand identity that has ensured the business enterprise to survive in an intensely competitive market. In the case of Imitability, BHP Billiton has obtained patents on its production methodology, thereby, preventing rival entities to copy. Value chain analysis The value chain analysis describes the business processes that add to the business prosperity of a particular place. In the case of BHP Billiton, the business activities that add to the production as well as the financial sustainability of a business enterprise are effective manufacturing and distribution process in a business organization. The BHP Billiton has a diversified culture in its working force. Since it operates in many countries, the BHP Billiton is an amalgamation of various cultures, opinions and perception ("BHP Billiton | A leading global resources company", 2016). Therefore, there is no lack of fresh ideas in the working environment thereby facilitating organization growth. A multi cultural working environment assists the organization in various business areas like technology, operations, finance as well as the research and development. Strategic issues The following are the essential strategic issues that pose a threat to the business sustainability of the brand: Limited natural resources - The brand has limited natural issues that has been hampering the production rate of the organization in the recent months. Rise in Prices- BHP Billiton has been facing issues due to the rise in the prices of its products. According to Gamble and Thompson (2014), this has decreased the market share of BHP Billiton in the context of the global market. The economic disparity in different countries has been a major contributor towards inflation. Conclusion It can be said that BHP Billiton has been able to build a successful business model. It has created a profitable position for itself in the context of the domestic and the international market. The internal environmental analysis for BHP Billiton has revealed that its primary key performance indicators are organizational infrastructure as well as its range of product offerings. Thus, the organization is on a path of progress and shall retain its business performance and key constituents in the coming years. References Bettis, R. A., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C., Mitchell, W. (2015). Qualitative empirical research in strategic management. Strategic Management Journal,36(5), 637-639. Bettis, R., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C., Mitchell, W. (2014). Quantitative em pirical analysis in strategic management. Strategic Management Journal,35(7), 949-953. BHP Billiton | A leading global resources company. (2016). Bhpbilliton.com. Retrieved 26 May 2016, from https://www.bhpbilliton.com/ Eden, C., Ackermann, F. (2013). Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Gamble, J. E., Thompson Jr, A. A. (2014). Essentials of strategic management. Irwin Mcgraw-Hill. Hill, C., Jones, G., Schilling, M. (2014). Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. (2012). Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015). Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Slack, N. (2015). Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

John Locke Essays (1296 words) - Philosophy, Epistemology

John Locke John Locke (1632-1704) was born in Wrington, England to Puritan parents who fostered his education in theology and politics. He attended the Westminster school, and then entered Christ Church, Oxford, where he received a scholarship. Locke studied classical languages, metaphysics, logic, and rhetoric there. He developed friendships with Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton, both of whom influenced his views. In 1690, he wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, this is considered his greatest work. The essay tries to set limits on human understanding. Locke attempts to answer two questions. The first question is where we get our ideas from. The second question is whether we can rely on what our senses tell us. The Essay also classifies knowledge into three degrees. These are the intuitive, demonstrative, and the sensitive. Finally, the Essay divides the ways ideas can be related into four categories: identity or diversity, relation, coexistence, and finally real existence. Part of Locke's theory is that women are equal to men, this will be discussed in the second part of my paper. To understand why Locke wanted to explain where we get our ideas from, it is important to understand what sect of philosophy he was a part of. Locke belonged to an eighteenth century group of British philosophers which included George Berkeley and David Hume. These three philosophers shared a view called empiricism. Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge and ideas come from the senses. Thus, a new born baby is a blank slate until its first sensory experience with the world. Aristotle was the originator of the empiricist way of thinking. Empiricism directly conflicts with Plato, and the rationalist way of thinking which states that humans are born with a set of innate ideas about the world. As Locke explains in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, humans gain all ideas and knowledge by interacting with the external world with their senses, and by reflecting their new gained knowledge. By senses, Locke is referring to the five senses: sight, sound, taste, feeling, and hearing. Locke's definition of reflection is the way the mind actively processes the information given to it by sensation. In reflection, the mind continues to analyze what it has sensed. This analization includes trusting, not trusting, or rationalizing the sensory experience and thereby parlaying even more knowledge and ideas out of the experience. Locke believed that simple sensations of something eventually led to a complex idea of that thing. He thought that we could only perceive simple parts of the whole which would eventually lead up to the entire thing. Locke writes, Combining several simple ideas into one compound one; and thus all complex ideas are made. An example of this could be a child's first experience with a chocolate chip cookie. The child sees that the cookie is round, she notices the brown color, and the dark chocolate spots that make up the chips. The child is really not capable of understanding a cookie yet, though. In another experience with the cookie, the child reflects upon her past experience and builds upon it. This time, she feels the rough texture, and tastes the sweet confection. Only after the child experiences all the sum of the cookies parts is she able to own the idea of cookie. One aspect of knowledge that Locke was concerned with is what can be called false knowledge. This is knowledge that can not be traced back to simple sensations. Even the words God and eternity are being misused and misconcepted because nobody has experienced these things. Locke does not totally disbelieve that there is a God and eternity though, because he later reasons in the Essay that, Nothing cannot produce a Being; therefore Something must have existed from Eternity. The second question Locke attempts to tackle is whether we can rely on what our senses tell us, or is the world the way we perceive it. To help answer this question he divided sensations into primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities are described as those that do not change when the substance is divided. This includes solidity, extension, figure, and mobility. Secondary qualities are those that are subject to change in a substance, such as colors, sounds, and tastes. Thus, all people see primary qualities in the same way, but not everyone views the secondary qualities in the same way. For example, although two children see the same round cookie, one might think that it tastes good and the other may despise the taste of it. It is through these qualities that Locke attempted to judge whether we can rely on our senses to correctly perceive the world. After Locke established how ideas are formed,

In Shakespeares tragic play Hamlet, the main ch Essays

In Shakespeare's tragic play Hamlet, the main ch Essays In Shakespeare's tragic play "Hamlet", the main character Hamlet is one of the most complex characters throughout all of literature. In this play, Hamlet deals with his uncle killing his father, marrying his mother, and becoming the new king. Hamlets character traits only add to the hardship he faces. The fact that Hamlet is a thinker, passionate, and faithful which are all good traits only makes his situation harder. Being a thinker is a good thing, but often times it can get you in a little bit of a mess because it can lead you to over think things. When the ghost appears to Hamlet and tells him what had happened and Claudius killed him, Hamlet knows he should avenge his father's murderer. It just does not work out that easy for him because he starts thinking all of the "what ifs" so to speak. Hamlet thinks of almost everything that makes killing Claudius harder and complicates it more than it has to be. Hamlet wonders if the ghost of his father is a demon that is just trying to get Hamlet to kill Claudius. Also, the shady appearance of his mother marrying his uncle only two months after the death of his father causes Hamlet to wonder if his mother has any part in killing his father so Claudius will have the power of the crown. The consequences of Hamlet over thinking his plot to avenge his fathers death causes much more tragedy than needed to happen. His mother, two people he thought were his f riends, Laertes, Polonius, Ophelia, and Hamlet himself all die because of his late decision to finally kill Claudius. Besides being an over thinker, Hamlet was also very passionate about everything he does. One example of this is Hamlets love for Ophelia. He tries so hard to get her attention and when he has it he lets her know how he really feels about her. From writing the notes to her or giving advice to her about guys and not getting played by one. Hamlet is also passionate about his friendship with Horatio. He has trust with him that he has with no one else. He actually reveals his feelings with Horatio which he does not do with anyone. Another way you can tell Hamlet has passion is how emotional he is when he is talking. Hamlet has many soliloquies, arguments, and conversations with other characters that show his passion. His passion is very evident in his conversation with is mother when he is telling her that Claudius murdered King Hamlet to the point that she becomes afraid. Also when Hamlet was telling Horatio to swear he would not tell any one about his plan to pretend to be insane., he s aid he would kill his best friend if he told any one. Hamlet stuck with any and every thing he would do. Whether it was listening to his fathers ghost, chasing after Opheilia, or finishing his plan to kill King Claudius, Hamlet made sure he finished his task. Listening to his fathers ghost was a hard thing for Hamlet to do. He is very skeptical about the ghost being a good or evil ghost and is not sure whether to listen to him or not. When he finally makes up his mind and decides that the ghost is a good one he listens to the ghost and takes to hear what the ghost is really saying. Even with Ophelia he never gives up on loving her. Time after time he gets turned down by her but he never gives up and he is persistent with trying to win her heart

Quotes to Help You Say I Love You

Quotes to Help You Say 'I Love You' You can be romantic when you profess your love, you can be poetic, and you can be cute. But what is the best way to do what should be the easiest thing: to express your love simply and directly, other than most basic approach: I love you? Here are some quotes attempting to find that simplicity. Its difficult to be sure who wrote some of them, but the thought is whats important, not the pedigree. Its always best to put your declaration of love in your own words, but maybe one of these will work for you, or maybe they will inspire you to come up with your own combination of words. As Plato probably said, â€Å"At the touch of love everyone becomes a poet.† Leo Christopher, The Wisest Man on Instagram â€Å"I swear I couldn’t love you more than I do right now, and yet I know I will tomorrow.† Roy Croft, American poet (possibly a pseudonym) â€Å"I love you not only for what you are, but for what I am when I am with you.† Emily Bronte, English novelist and poet â€Å"If raindrops were kisses, I’d send you showers. If hugs were seas, I’d send you oceans. And if love was a person I’d send you me.† Atticus, Greek or Roman philosopher I will never be perfect for you, but I will always imperfectly try to be.† R.M. Drake (Robert Macias), self-published poet â€Å"It was the way you laughed; I knew I wanted that in my life.† Anais Nin, French author You carry away with you a reflection of me, a part of me. I dreamed you; I wished for your existence. You will always be a part of my life. If I love you, it must be because we shared, at some moment, the same imaginings, the same madness, the same stage. Franz Kafka, Austro-Hungarian writer â€Å"I know of no greater happiness than to be with you all the time, without interruption, without end.† A.A. Milne, British author, created Winnie-the-Pooh â€Å"If you live to be a hundred, I want to live to be a hundred minus one day so I never have to live without you.† J.R.R. Tolkien, British author â€Å"I would rather spend one lifetime with you, than face all the ages of this world alone.† Charlotte Brontà «, English novelist, Jane Eyre I have for the first time found what I can truly love- I have found you. You are my sympathy- my better self- my good angel- I am bound to you with a strong attachment. I think you good, gifted, lovely: a fervent, a solemn passion is conceived in my heart; it leans to you, draws you to my centre and spring of life, wrap my existence about you- and, kindling in pure, powerful flame, fuses  you and me  in one. Honore de Balzac, French novelist and playwright â€Å"Tonight I can only say that I love you too well for my peace of mind, and that absence from you is death to me.† Hermann Hesse, German novelist and poet f I know what love is, it is because of you.† Angelita Lim, probably a poet I saw that you were perfect, and so I loved you. Then I saw that you were not perfect and I loved you even more.   Nicholas Sparks, American romance novelist and screenwriter You are the answer to every prayer I’ve offered.  You are a song, a dream, a whisper, and I don’t know how I could have lived without you for as long as I have. Anonymous When I follow my heart, it leads me to you.

Women's role during the Great Depression and during world war ll Essay

Women's role during the Great Depression and during world war ll - Essay Example Women served as nurses or teachers, cooks or cleaners. Some even ventured into men’s jobs. In such cases, discrimination was commonplace. Women were not deemed as clever or as physically strong as their male counterparts, and as a result, were often harassed, by their bosses and trade unionists. They therefore, had to fight to be taken seriously because their male counterparts were often very suspicious of their capabilities. It was a time for women to shine despite the discrimination they experienced. When no other men were available, women were given significant tasks that were originally assigned to men. They were initially trained to the same standard as men, but employers eventually didn’t want to hire fully trained women because they received better pay, which upset the trained male workers, causing friction in the workplace. Equal pay became a huge issue that women fought for and this even spurred the women’s liberation movement. Indeed, women made productive use of their time during the war. They were able to combine work, marriage and motherhood without seriously undermining their expected home responsibilities. A woman’s participation in the war effort did not doom conventional sexual divisions of labour while compensating her work with much needed payment without threatening her domestic duties. This multi-faceted role also gave her a feeling of personal importance which is mostly taken for granted by the people around her. The war was devastating for most people, taking the lives of their loved ones, destroying their properties and livelihood. Previously held values were put aside as morality took a plunge in the name of survival. It was a very emotional time for all, and women were tested of their emotional and physical strength to carry on despite all the hardships and challenges thrown their way. Most women proved themselves and have gained skills to they were able to use in various tasks.

Revolutions and Political Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Revolutions and Political Change - Essay Example icans attempted to apply the doctrine of popular sovereignty prior to the territorial struggle over slavery which is attributed to the emergence of the Civil War. Political scientist Donald S. Lutz observed that in the American notion, popular sovereignty meant placing ultimate and unyielding authority in the people given that there are varied ways to which sovereignty can be expressed covering multiple institutional possibilities be they passing of laws, elections, and recalls (Constitution Society, n.d.). The American Revolution marked a departure in the concept of popular sovereignty as it had been known and used in the European historical context (Constitution Society, n.d.). Thus, with the revolution, the Americans were able to substitute the sovereignty that had existed in the King George III personage. Goldstone (2014) concurs that prior to this, however, the power of declaring war, levying general taxes, making peace were vested on the Federal government with the government of the Union drawing similarities with the King’s Government in the old French monarchy. The spirit of popularity and conciliation would have the Federal legislature of the Union composed of a Senate and a House of representatives. Another parallel can be drawn in the executive powers. The executive powers in the Northern States were limited and partial while the English represented supremacy. Thus, pursuant to popular sovereignty, the president acted just as the executor of the law that the populace would him against his life, his honour, his pledge and when he was incompetent, the people could vote him out as per the constitutional agreement. de Tocquiville (1831) explains that he Queen/King was independent in their decisions and exercises representing a monarchy which the people were expected to concede to. The duration of the two powers, also show discrepancies. While the term of the president was subject to the executive authority. The monarchy was undisputable and would only

Macbeth Analysis Essay Example for Free

Macbeth Analysis Essay How is one able to control his or her emotions when the surrounding environment is influencing one personally? Lady Macbeth finds the answer to this simple; impossible. Lady Macbeth continues to be controlled by others subconsciously whether it is through her own control, other actions or pure guilt. The actions of characters and events that occur in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth affect the life and mental wellness of Lady Macbeth directly and cause her to digress from dominant to voyeur, and then finally to victim, causing the play to be more enticing. To start, Lady Macbeth is a dominant, deceiving and determined woman. For example, Lady Macbeth’s dominance and control are shown when she and Macbeth are discussing the plan for King Duncan’s murder. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"Your hand, your tongue; look like th’innocent flower,/ But be the serpent under’t.† (1.5.64-65). Lady Macbeth’s control is revealed when she says this because she is openly manipulating Macbeth and telling him how to act and what to do. Also, Lady Macbeth’s dominance is shown while she and Macbeth discuss the murder of Duncan. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"We fail?/ But screw your courage to the sticking-place† (1.7.59-60). When Lady Macbeth says this she shows the audience that she is able to overpower her husband’s courage with her own. Another example of Lady Macbeth’s persona is when she uses her ability to deceive while talking with Duncan upon his arrival to her castle. Lady Macbeth says to Duncan, â€Å"All our service,/ In every point twice done then done double† (1.6.16-17). Her deception is proved when she says this because she is acting like a pleasant host to Duncan’s face but her motives are much less than pleasant. The deception Lady Macbeth shows while talking to Duncan is successful when Duncan falls for it with no suspicion. This is proved when Duncan says, â€Å"Give me your hand;/ Conduct me to mine host: we love him highly/ and shall continue our graces towards him./ By your leave hostess.† Duncan allowing Lady Macbeth to hold his hand indicates that he has a trust in her and does not have a doubt upon the person he see Lady Macbeth as and has no idea about the motives of his host and hostess. Lady Macbeth is able to use her deceptive abilities after the murder of Duncan is committed. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"[Her] hands are of [his] colour, but [she] shame[s] to wear a heart so white.† (2.2.62-68). This quotation means that Lady Macbeth still bares the innocence she had before the deed to the eye of others, hence, having a heart so white. This proven to be true because everyone looks at Lady Macbeth as innocent and pure, as if she could do no harm, but the truth is the total opposite. Also, Lady Macbeth’s determination shows through when she calls upon the dark spirits to give her the courage and strength of a male figure and to relieve her of the womanly kindness she possesses. Lady Macbeth asks for this by saying, â€Å"Come you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here/ And fill me from the crown to the toe topfull/ Of direst cruelty; make thick my blood† (1.5.39-42). The determination of Lady Macbeth is shown in this quote because she is doing something as drastic as calling upon the dark spirits to assist her in committing murder. As a result, Lady Macbeth’s dominating personality is able to pursue to her plan of murdering King Duncan successfully, without resistance from her husband. Secondly, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s roles switch, leaving Lady Macbeth standing off, with less control and becoming more of a voyeur to the plans of Macbeth. To start, Lady Macbeth is first being stripped of her control right after Duncan’s death is discovered and Macbeth has killed the guard in order to remove suspicion from him. The audience is aware of this deed when Macbeth says, â€Å"O, yet I do repent me of my fury/ That I did kill them.† (2.3.102-103). Lady Macbeth begins to lose control over this because she had no idea or warning of Macbeth’s killing of the guards. This act also takes a toll on Lady Macbeth’s physical state when it causes her to faint. Lady Macbeth fainting is a sure sign of her losing the control she had earlier because not only are other characters leaving her out but also, her own body is causing her to be in that state as well. Next, Macbeth kills Banquo upon his intuition that Banquo has suspicion towards him in the case of Duncan’s murder. Lady Macbeth was ill-informed on this matter which is yet another sign that she is losing control over the characters that she had control over previously and is now watching the action happen. Also, at a dinner, which Lady Macbeth and Macbeth were hosting together, Lady Macbeth first could not get Macbeth the welcome his guests. This is proved when Lady Macbeth says to Macbeth, â€Å"My royal lord,/ You do not give the cheer; the feast is sold/ That is not often vouch’d while ‘tis a-making ,/ ‘Tis given with welcome. (3.4.33-36). She (Lady Macbeth) als o loses more control over Macbeth at this dinner when she is unable to calm him down when he sees the ghosts of Banquo and Duncan. In this situation Lady Macbeth attempts to gain some control by saying to him, â€Å"You have displac’d the mirth, broke the good meeting/ With most admir’d disorder.† (3.4.109-110). The acting-out of Macbeth leaves Lady Macbeth both astonished and over powered. These two instances especially show Lady Macbeth losing control over, not only situations but other characters themselves. Lastly, Macbeth kills Macduff’s wife and children upon suspicion without Lady Macbeth’s push or permission and neglects to inform her of the deed directly and chooses just to imply it during conversation with her. As the two (Macbeth and Lady Macbeth) are talking Macbeth says, â€Å"Come, we’ll to sleep. My strange and self-abuse/ Is the initiate fear that wants hard use;/ We are yet but young in deed.†(3.4.143-144). When Macbeth says this it has the implication of the commitment of another foul deed which Lady Macbeth is only aware of at this point. Macbeth’s drastic actions cause Lady Macbeth to fall uncontrollably uninformed and into the background. Finally, Lady Macbeth ends the play being dominated by her feelings of guilt and the consequences of Duncan’s murder and ultimately becomes a victim to it. To start, Lady Macbeth begins to sleep walk and admits her affiliation in Duncan’s murder. Proof of Lady Macbeth’s sleep walking is proved when the Gentlewoman (a spectator of the situation) says, â€Å"Ay, but their senses are shut.† (5.1.23). She says this after the doctor (the second spectator of the situation) mentions that Lady Macbeth has her eyes open. The Gentlewoman’s line lets the audience know she is indeed sleep walking for her eyes may be open but there sense is disabled. Also in this scene Lady Macbeth’s self control is shown to have weakened further, when she speaks of Duncan’s murder. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"Out, dammed spot! Out, I say! One, two. Why then ‘tis/ time to do’t. Hell is murky, Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier,/ and afeard? What need we fear who knows it, when/ none can call our power to account? Yet who would/ have thought the man to have had so much blood/ in him?† (5.1.31-36) and also when she says, â€Å"The Thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now? What,/ will these hands ne’re be clean?† (5.1.38-39). These quotes both prove that she knew and was involved in the murders of Duncan and Macduff’s family and shows that these events are the reason for her stress, guilt and sleep walking, hence being dominated/ being victim to these emotions. Next, Lady Macbeth is being dominated by her feelings of guilt when she is seen washing her hand continuously during her sleep walking. While she is doing this she says, â€Å"Here’s the smell of the blood still; all the perfumes of/ Arabia will not sweeten this litt le hand. O, O, O.† (5.1.44-45). This quote shows that Lady Macbeth is overcome by her guilt because she mentally imagines the blood still being there, following her, her mind lets her believe she is still covered in the blood when in reality the blood is just representing the guilt she is feeling. A second example of Lady Macbeth being dominated by her guilt symbolically is when she is dreaming of/ replaying the scene in while sleep walking. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"To bed, to bed; there’s knocking at the gate. Come,/ come, come, come, give me your hand; what’s done/ cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed.† (5.1.58-60). This quote directly shows the audience that it is indeed the murder of Duncan which Lady Macbeth is stressing over as it is a deed which â€Å"cannot be undone†. Lastly, Lady Macbeth shows that she is becoming victim to the outcome of events, and more directly herself when she commits suicide. The audience discovers her death when Seyton (another Thane) informs Macbeth of the incident. Seyton says, â€Å"The queen, my lord, is dead.† (5.5.16). Lady Macbeth becomes victim to herself in the way that she sees the only option to relieve her of her painful emotions is to kill herself. Therefore, Lady Macbeth is ultimately dominated and falls victim to the guilt she feels caused by the actions of herself and others. To conclude, the mental state and physical well-being of Lady Macbeth is influenced by the dominance and control of both herself and other characters in the play. Lady Macbeth went from being dominant, deceiving, and determined to being uninformed during the murders Macbeth commits to being over some by her emotions that had built up inside her during all of this. Therefore, Lady Macbeth’s life as the audience knows it is dependable on the outcome of events that Lady Macbeth herself is involved in and/ or witnesses. Temptation was the base of all Lady Macbeths problems; it is said â€Å"temptation is the Devil.† What would you risk to get what you want?

Women in Ywain by Chrétien de Troyes Essay -- Papers Essays

Women in Ywain by Chrà ©tien de Troyes In Chrà ©tien de Troyes' Ywain, women represent the moral virtue and arch of all mid-evil civilization. Women of this time had to be an object of love, which meant they had to have beauty, goodness, and be truthful. They had to be a representative of all chivalrous ideals. They also act as civilizing influences throughout the story. Women are put in the story to give men a reason for acting brave and noble. Men become knights in order to demonstrate to women that they are strong and capable of defending themselves against danger. This, they hope, will win the women's heart. In medieval times, the first-born son of a landowner is entitled to his father's estate, while other sons and daughters are not given anything. Knights are usually not the first-born son, and thusly do not receive any grants of land from their father. If a landowner only has a daughter, she becomes an heiress, and inherits her fathers land but has to find a husband to take over this land. A knight's dream is to marry a wealthy heiress, and become a landown...

Avon Promotion Essay

We employ certain web enabled systems to increase Representative support, which allow a Representative to run her or his business more efficiently and also allow us to improve our order-processing accuracy. For example, in many countries, Representatives can utilize the Internet to manage their business electronically, including order submission, order tracking, payment and two-way communications with us. In addition, in the U.S. and certain other markets, Representatives can further build their own business through personalized web pages provided by us, enabling them to sell a complete line of our products online. Self-paced online training also is available in certain markets.In some markets, we use decentralized branches, satellite stores and independent retail operations (e.g., beauty boutiques) to serve Representatives and other customers Representatives come to a branch to place and pick up product orders for their customers. The branches also create visibility for us with consumers and help reinforce our beauty image. In certain markets, we provide opportunities to license our beauty centers and other retail-oriented and direct-to-consumer opportunities to reach new customers in complementary ways to direct selling. In the U.S. and certain other markets, we also market our products through consumer websites (e.g., www.avon.com in the U.S.). The recruiting or appointing and training of Representatives are the primary responsibilities of district sales managers, zone managers and independent leaders. Depending on the market and the responsibilities of the role, some of these individuals are our employees and some are independent contractors. Those who are employees are paid a salary and an incentive based primarily on the achievement of a sales objective in their district. Those who are independent contractors are rewarded primarily based on total sales achieved in their zones or downline team of recruited, trained and managed Representatives. Personal contacts, including recommendations from current Representatives (including the Leadership program), and local market advertising constitute the primary means of obtaining new Representatives. The Leadership program is a multi-level compensation program which gives Representatives, known as independent leaders, the opportunity to earn discounts on their own sales of our products, as well as commissions based on the net sales made by Representatives they have recruited and trained.  This program generally limits the number of levels on which commissions can be earned to three. The primary responsibilities of independent leaders are the prospecting, appointing, training and development of their downline Representatives while maintaining a certain level of their own sales. Development of the Leadership program throughout the world is one part of our long-term growth strategy. As described above, the Representative is the â€Å"store† through which we primarily sell our products and, given the high rate of turnover among Representatives (a common characteristic of direct selling), it is critical that we recruit, retain and service Representatives on a continuing basis in order to maintain and grow our business. From time to time, local governments and others question the legal status of Representatives or impose burdens inconsistent with their status as independent contractors, often in regard to possible coverage under social benefit laws that would require us (and, in most instances, the Representatives) to make regular contributions to government social benefit funds. Although we have generally been able to address these questions in a satisfactory manner, these questions can be raised again following regulatory changes in a jurisdiction or can be raised in other jurisdictions. If there should be a final determination adverse to us in a country, the cost for future, and possibly past, contributions could be so substantial in the context of the volume and profitability of our business in that country that we would consider discontinuing operations in that country. Promotion and Marketing Sales promotion and sales development activities are directed at assisting Representatives, through sales aids such as brochures, product samples and demonstration products. In order to support the efforts of Representatives to reach new customers, specially designed sales aids, promotional pieces, customer flyers, television advertising and print advertising can be used. In addition, we seek to motivate our Representatives through the use of special incentive programs that reward superior sales performance. Periodic sales meetings with Representatives are conducted by the district sales or zone managers. The meetings are designed to keep Representatives abreast of product line changes, explain sales techniques and provide recognition for  sales performance. A number of merchandising techniques are used, including the introduction of new products, the use of combination offers, the use of trial sizes and samples, and the promotion of products packaged as gift items. In general, for each sales campaign, a distinctive brochure is published, in which new products are introduced and selected items are offered as special promotions or are given particular prominence in the brochure. A key priority for our merchandising is to continue the use of pricing and promotional models and tools to enable a deeper, fact-based understanding of the role and impact of pricing within our product portfolio. From time to time, various regulations or laws have been proposed or adopted that would, in general, restrict the frequency, duration or volume of sales resulting from new product introductions, special promotions or other special price offers. We expect our pricing flexibility and broad product lines to mitigate the effect of these regulations. Competitive Conditions We face competition from various products and product lines both domestically and internationally.

Imaginary Lines Essay

1. Longitude (Longhitud) Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth’s surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (ÃŽ »). Points with the same longitude lie in lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole. By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, was intended to establish the position of zero degrees longitude. The longitude of other places was to be measured as the angle east or west from the Prime Meridian, ranging from 0 ° at the Prime Meridian to +180 ° eastward and −180 ° westward. Specifically, it is the angle between a plane containing the Prime Meridian and a plane containing the North Pole, South Pole and the location in question. (This forms a right-handed coordinate system with the z axis (right hand thumb) pointing from the Earth’s center toward the North Pole and the x axis ( right hand index finger) extending from Earth’s center through the equator at the Prime Meridian.) A location’s north-south position along a meridian is given by its latitude, which is (not quite exactly) the angle between the local vertical and the plane of the Equator. Ito ay guhit na patayo na nagmumula sa Polong Hilaga hanggang sa Polong Timog. Ang Longhitud at ang Meridian ay hindi magkapareho dahil ang longhitud ay isang guhit samantalang ang Meridian ay tumutukoy sa distansya ng mga guhit longhitud mula sa Prime  Meridian. Ang Prime Meridian ay nasa 0 °. PRIME MERIDIAN – Ang pinakagitnang guhit na humahati sag lobo sa silangan at kanluran. INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE- Ito ay tumutukoy sa araw o oras. 2. Latitude Latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth’s surface. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0 ° at the Equator to 90 ° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together withlongitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth. Two levels of abstraction are employed in the definition of these coordinates. In the first step the physical surface is modelled by the geoid, a surface which approximates the mean sea level over the oceans and its continuation under the land masses. The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface. The simplest choice for the reference surface is a sphere, but the geoid is more accurately modelled by anellipsoid. The definitions of latitude and longitude on such reference surfaces are detailed in the following sections. Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute agraticule on the reference surface. The latitude of a point on the actual surface is that of the corresponding point on the reference surface, the correspondence being along thenormal to the reference surface which passes through the point on the physical surface. Latitude and longitude together with some specification of height constitute a geographic coordinate system as defined in the specification of the ISO 19111 standard. Ito ay guhit na pahalang na parallel na umiikot mula sa silangan patungong kanluran mula sa digring 0 hanggang 90 pataas o pababa sa ekwador. MGA ESPESYAL NA GUHIT LATITUDE Tropiko Ng Cancer (Tropic of Cancer)- Nasa 23.27 degree hilagang latitude. Tropiko ng Capricorn (Tropic of Capricorn)- Ito ay guhit parallel na guhit na  nasa 23.27 degree timog latitude. Kabilugang Arctic (Arctic Circle) – Ito ay guhit parallel na guhit na nasa 66.27 degree Hilagang latitude. Kabilugang Antarctic (Antarctic Circle) – Ito ay nasa 66.27 timog latitude. 3. Ekwador An equator is the intersection of a sphere’s surface with the plane perpendicular to the sphere’s axis of rotation and midway between the poles. The Equatorusually refers to the Earth’s equator: an imaginary line on the Earth’s surface equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole, dividing the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere Ito ay guhit pahalang na humahati sa gitna ng globo. Ito ay 0 degree. 4. Grid Ito ay pinagsama-samang guhit. Ang Sukat ng Earth 1 M⊕ = 5.97219 Ãâ€" 1024 kg. LIMANG TEMA NG HEOGRAPIYA LOKASYON Ang lokasyon ay isang posisyon o punto sa pisikal na espasyo na sumasakop sa ibabaw ng Daigdig. Maaaring kadalasang tinalaga ang tiyak na lokasyon sa paggamit ng partikular na latitud atlonghitud, isang parilya ng koordinadang Kartesyano (Cartesian coordinate grid), pabilog na sistemang koordinada, o isang sistemang nakabatay sa tambilugan (halimbawa, World Geodetic System o Pandaigdigang Sistemang Heodetiko). Maaaring ilarawan ang isang lokasyon bilang tiyak na lokasyon na siyang tumpak na kinaroroonan ng isang bagay, o ang lokasyong bisinal na ang lokasyon ng isang bagay na kaugnay sa isa pang lugar o sa isang pangkalahatang bagay. LUGAR Ito ay tumutukoy sa mga katangiang pisikal ng mga lugar katulad ng mga anyong lupa at bahaging tubig,klima,lupa pananim at hayop. INTERAKSYON NG TAO AT KAPALIGIRAN Ito ay tumutukoy sa mga pagbabagong ginawa ng tao sa kanyang kapaligiran at mga pagbabago na patuloy pang isinasagawa. REHIYON Pinag-aaralan ng heograper ang hitsura at mga pagkakaiba sa katangiang pisikal ng lugar. GALAW NG TAO / PAGKILOS Ipinapaliwanag kung bakit mahalaga ang mga galaw na ito at pinag-aaralan ang epekto sa mga lugar na tinitirhan at nililipatan. Ano ang Lokasyon ng Mundo sa Solar System? Ang Earth ay pangatlong planeta sa solar system. Ito ay kulay asul para sa Katubigan, Tsokolate at berde sa kalupaan, at puti para sa langit. Ang Earth ay kailangan ng 365.25 araw para makumpleto ang pag-ikot nito sa araw at 23.5 sa kanyang orbit o axis. Ang planetang Earth ay daan ang layo sa Venus. Ang planetang Earth ay 149 600 000 km. ang layo sa araw. http://tl.wikipedia.org/ http://tl.answers.com/Q/Tema_ng_heograpiya

Using Technology to Clone

Using Technology to Clone Cloning can be a very sensitive subject. It seems that it's a battle between science and ethics. Does the ladder outweigh the former or vice versa? Maybe a few definitions will shed some light on the subject. Cloning is to create a genetic duplicate of an individual organism through asexual reproduction, as by stimulating a single cell? (Webster's 211). "Parthenogenesis is reproduction of organisms without conjunction of gametes of opposite sexes." (Webster's 800). Cloning has its medical uses, but do the ethical implications outweigh the advantages? The goal of genetic engineering is that every child be born strong, healthy, and well suited to make its way to the world. If genetic engineering would be used in this way the world would probably be a place of less disease. Sure it may be unethical to do some tests on humans, but without them medical progress would come to a halt. Cloning might also directly offer a way of curing diseases or a technique that could extend means to acquir ing new data for the sciences of embryology and how organisms develop as a whole over time.Twin SistersScience has been trying for years to come up with cures for genetic diseases and so far haven't really come up with anything that is truly helpful. On the other hand, with the technology of genetic engineering scientists may finally be able to start to understand the causes of diseases and to develop possible treatments and even prevention. For instance, the most studied disease is Cystic Fibrosis. Although, we have not found a cure yet, science might be getting close to coming up with a way of preventing Cystic Fibrosis. Science has made some major discoveries in the past forty years. In the 1960's two French scientists by the names of Jacques Monod and Francois Jacob...

25 Best Value US Colleges Worth Your Investment

25 Best Value US Colleges Worth Your Investment 25 most expensive US universities that are worth applying for. Choosing a college requires considering a number of factors:   the  presence of fraternity and sorority life, the  location, and size of the university or college, its academic reputation, etc. Surprisingly, these factors are not the most important when a typical student weighs when  making their final choice. The most important thing to think over is the tuition fee. Indeed  the total cost of attending college is, without a doubt, the most important factor  influencing students final decision. But is there any sense in paying a  higher tuition fee? Why not choose an alternative college? Something less expensive, for example. The reason to choose a higher-ranking institution is that the top-ranking colleges mean  a greater return on investment for students when they graduate and get employed. According to the FORBES’ 2016 ranking of the USA’s Best Value Colleges here is a list of the most pricey universities in America: 1.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), located in Cambridge, MA. The average annual price in MIT is $21,816. 2.  California Institute of Technology, (Caltech). The average annual charge is $25,667. 3.  Stanford University  offers more than 65 departments and programs. Among the most famous Stanford graduates of all time are John F. Kennedy (he dropped his MBA program before receiving the degree), Sigourney Weaver, Tiger Woods, Larry Page, Reese Witherspoon and many others. 4.  Harvey Mudd College  is a liberal arts college. It is a college for those who would like to become scientists, mathematicians, and engineers. 5.  Yale University in Connecticut is situated 90 minutes from New Youk and is open for those who wish to take a guided tour, stroll through the historic Old Campus or attend a concert. 6.  A member of the Ivy League Brown University (RI) 7.  Dartmouth College (NH) offers a liberal arts education for the 21st century: education in and beyond the classroom as said on the website of the college. 8. In  Cornell University (NY)  engineering is definitely top notch. Chemical, electrical, computer science, mechanics majors here are regarded highly too. 9.  Several small liberal arts colleges of Washington and Lee University in Lexington, VA 10.  Colgate University in Hamilton 11.  NY Williams College in Williamstown, MA 12.  Schools in the Midwest including the University of Chicago, in Chicago, IL. The university of Chicago was founded by  John D. Rockefeller in 1890 and is considered to be one of the worlds premier research and academic institutions. 13.  Northwestern University in Evanston, IL. The mission of Northwestern University states: Northwestern is committed to excellent teaching, innovative research and the personal and intellectual growth of its students in a diverse academic community. 14.  Carleton College, in Northfield, MN These schools may be pricey, but they prove to bring a high payoff. Choosing a college from the list above will make the parents rest easy as they know that this choice will pay dividends. Need help with your college essay? Order an essay written by our professional writers.

Gods True Prayer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gods True Prayer - Essay Example The prayer also indicates that for this relationship with Jesus to work, the Believers necessarily ought to continue to accept the truth of the message by heart and follow or imitate Christ’s righteousness sincerely. This is a way of truly knowing who belong to the Father and deserve to be with Him in the eternal life after death by the time Judgment comes. 2. What does this prayer tell us about the Believers relationship to the world? Based on this prayer, the Believers do not actually belong to the world forever. Besides being in the world temporarily to come to discover God-endowed human potentials and to appreciate His creation, the world serves as a ground where men are exposed to the physical matter, as opposed to the spiritual so that they may eventually be able to distinguish the divine nature from the human nature and the wonders of faith or forming convictions without having to see in reality Whom one has developed faith with. So in other words, the Earth becomes a p lace of huge significance as it puts each Believer’s faith to test through worldly temptations then filters who among those who initially follow Christ would be his disciple until the end. The world is a representation of what humans are prior to knowledge of God by faith. It signifies weakness of human nature or that which usually cuts the fellowship of Believers in God’s community. If one is ‘of the world’ and could not leave his material possessions behind in exchange of entering God’s kingdom, it is then impossible to be with God since His nature is divine or spiritual and is not in any way made of anything out of the world. 3. What does this prayer tell us about the Believers relationship to the Father? As he utters ‘I have made you known to them, and will continue to make you known in order that the love you have for me may be in them and that I myself may be in them’ (John 17:26), Jesus similarly desires for the Bible readers to understand that the Believers belong to the Father as His children. Thus, he is given the essential mission of making Him known to the world so that the world may know that He is the Father in return. God expresses His unconditional love toward the Believers, being their Creator and Father who possesses immeasurable abundance in power, mercy, grace, and wisdom which He has constantly imparted mankind to this point due to His unfailing love despite man’s shortfall. Through ‘The High Priestly Prayer of Christ’, Jesus addresses the essence of establishing a relationship with God through Christ that goes beyond mere church traditions. The substance of the prayer calls for righteousness other than fulfilling religious obligations or that to a deeper extent, the Believers are anticipated to genuinely love God back for it is His desire as well for the world to comprehend that He is not a distant being or entity who only punishes the ‘evil’ and rewards the à ¢â‚¬Ëœgood’. Rather, due to the full measure of His love, He does not keep records of wrongs regardless of the number of times sins are committed thus, with an overflowing grace and compassion, He is the Father who is ready to forgive or redeem an unrighteous

Is the private sector creating sustainable housing developments within Dissertation

Is the private sector creating sustainable housing developments within the UK - Dissertation Example Various methods are also employed to determine the needed approach for sustainability including Wackernagel and Rees’ (1996) ecological footprint which measures the given area’s sustainability with the total goods, services, energy and land which it consumes as appropriated against its carrying capacity. Two models have been proposed by Whitehead (2011) based on the priority: balanced and hierarchical. The balanced sustainability model proposes for an equal treatment and role of the ecological, social and economic forces whereas the hierarchical proposes a strong priority on ecological forces as followed by social and lastly economic (Appendix A & B). The issue on sustainability stemmed from the realisation that the natural environment is easily exploited for consumption benefits but great economic output does not always relate to possible restoration of the degraded ecosystem back to its original condition (Ayres, van den Bergh and Gowdy, 1998). When notable changes to the natural environment as well as the devastating effects of production and consumption from climate change to loss of biodiversity, and failure to meet basic human needs were realised, the debate on sustainability began. ... The good news was that UK was not alone in this lack of solid action with sustainability as other major post-industrial countries also exhibit failed initiatives (Hobson, 2004). Importance of the UK private housing industry: private/public accounts for ...percentage The UK Housing Social housing in the United Kingdom is characterised by private funding of housing associations mediated and guided by appropriate government agencies. It is further described by Oxley (1998) as facing many challenges including the low income of tenants relying mainly on state benefits; macroeconomic reasons led to reduced government support; continued pressure to reduce public spending on housing; substantial backlog of housing repair and maintenance work by council; and a high demand for more social housing (673). The most apparent view was that there were affordability and investment problems as the government encouraged private finance and not-for-profit organisations to become Registered Social Landlo rds. Local authority housing was transferred into owner-occupation and to housing associations or organisations wherein companies are formed from a local authority to newly created organisation which owns and manages housing at â€Å"arms length† from the local authority (674). In 1981, 28% of English housing stock was managed by local authorities but this has since decreased since 1988 when the government shifted role from housing providers to strategic enablers. By 1994, only 18% of the housing stock remained under local authority and council house building reduced to only one per cent by 1994. This was a result of the housing investment programmes or HIPs of the government. It reviews bids for the use of resources as well as permits borrowing

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

E-Business - Essay Example rmediaries (Sarkar et al, 1996.) They are an electronic-commerce only intermediary; business and customer relationship management (CRM) is conducted purely via their website; a virtual marketplace with no direct contact between buyers and sellers. Amazon have created a virtualized value system through their accelerated ordering, delivery and payment of goods and services, while reducing operating and inventory costs associated with traditional bricks and mortar stores. They have access to global markets, economies of scale and the ability to personalize. As a virtual merchant, their products are suited to the Internet, their business models remain a source of differentiation. Amazon is a seller-controlled site whose commercial mechanism is fixed price sales. Timmers (1998) classifies Amazons business model as a virtual community, which "helps build customer loyalty and trust through an interplay of virtual and physical realities." (Hagel and Armstrong, 1997.) Amazon strengthens their association as a virtual store with "shopping trolley technology" (Cooke, 1997.) Shopping carts and checkouts act as reminders of physical environments. (Weick, 1995.) Amazons effectiveness as a virtual community is evident with their customer co-presence. "Amazon has made customer relations the centerpiece of its strategy." (Hagel and Armstrong, 1997.) Collaborative filtering helps them achieve personalization and mass customization. Customer extension is offered via their site and e-mails. Amazons business model is now considerably more flexible as it has diversified from books and CDs to a range of products more typical of a department store. (Chaffey, 2004.) Amazon has warehouses to support their technical innovations. They are dependent on the publisher-to-wholesaler supply chain. Their distribution centers are placed near distribution warehouses to allow quick turn around on deliveries. (Bayers, 1999.) Amazons brand has enabled them to pursue differentiation strategy

Histamine Stimulated Small Intestine

Histamine Stimulated Small Intestine The longitudinal smooth muscle of the guinea-pig ileum small intestine contracts in response to acetylcholine. These contractions can be reduced by the application of adenosine and related compounds. The guinea-pig ileum is innervated by the enteric, sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic and enteric fibres release acetylcholine which acts on muscarinic receptors. The action of adenosine and its receptor antagonists can be assessed by comparing electrically induced contractions via electrical field stimulation and histamine induced contractions. Electrical field stimulation contractions cause presynaptic release of acetylcholine to produce contractions where as the histamine induced contractions cause postsynaptic contractile responses. Throughout this study adenosine and its receptor antagonist actions will be investigated and compared using electrical field stimulation and histamine. The contraction of the gut In gastrointestinal smooth muscles, researches show that there are two types of muscarinic receptors types that are present as targets to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Okamoto et al., 2002).Acetylcholine and its derivatives produce contractions by activating muscarinic receptors. The muscarinic receptors types are known as M2 and M3. Binding Studies have portrayed that the number of M2 receptors is greater than that of the M3 receptors however functional studies have shown that M3 muscarinic receptors play a fundamental role in mediating the contractile response (Eglen et al., 1996) and the functional role of M2 exists as unclear (Clague et al., 1985). The M3 receptor is coupled with G proteins, causing activation of phospholipase C and formation of inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, which are expected to contribute in muscarinic receptor mediated smooth muscle contractions (Unno et al., 2005). They also mediate relaxation due to the release of nitric oxide from neighbo uring endothelial cells. M3 receptors in visceral smooth muscle contribute to the smooth muscle stimulating effect of muscarinic agonists. However the muscarinic receptor most abundant in the ileum is the M2 which cause an indirect contraction of the guinea-pig ileum by preventing the relaxing effect of drugs (Ehlert and Thomas, 1995). Both muscarinic receptor subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and produce a contractile response; however they vary in their transduction mechanisms and signalling pathways. Adenosine Adenosine has numerous diverse roles in normal physiology; such roles include promoting/maintaining sleep, regulating state of encouragement as well as local neuronal excitability and coupling cerebral blood flow to energy demand (Dunwiddie and Masino, 2001). It exists free in the cytosol of all cells and is transported in and out of all cells mainly using a membrane transporter(Rang et al., 2007). Under normal conditions, adenosine is formed intracellularly as well as extracellularly (Fredholm et al., 2001). ATP is stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis. It is also available in the cytosol of cells and is taken up and released via a specific membrane transporter. Released ATP and ADP are rapidly converted to adenosine by the action of tissue nucleotides. Studies have shown that there are pathways that contribute to adenosine formation, a) by the action of adenylate kinase and cystolic 5-nucleotidase, b) formation from hydrolysis of adenosine 3, 5 phosphate and c) formation by the action of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase. The pharmacological effects of adenosine include smooth muscle relaxation and inhibition of nerve activity, lipolysis and platelet aggregation(Daly et al., 1983). There is evidence that stimulation or inhibition is of adenylate cyclise is involved in adenosine action and therefore it has been concluded that adenosine is mediated by cyclic AMP. Based on its ability to inhibit cell function and thus minimise the metabolic requirements of cells, one of its functions may be as a protective agent released when tissue integrity is threatened. Adenosine exerts its physiological actions activation of a number of specific cell surface receptors. There are four different adenosine receptors known as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Some characteristics of these receptors are presented in Figure 1a. These subtypes have been distinguished on the basis of their agonist and antagonist selectivity. They belong to the G protein-coupled receptors. Mechanism of Adenosine action Adenosine A1 receptors are negatively coupled to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase, however they can act through other pathways such as stimulation of phospholipase C, activation of potassium channels and inhibition of N-type calcium channels (Zizzo et al., 2009). A1 receptors are coupled to Gi and G0 proteins and lead to inhibition of adenylate cyclase and consequently cause a decrease in cAMP (Ranjit, 2008). Adenosine A2A and A2B are coupled for activation of adenylate cyclise whereas A3 receptors have been shown to stimulate phospholipase C and D, to inhibit adenylate cyclase and to activate ATP sensitive potassium channel (Ralevic and Burnstock, 1998). Activation of these receptors require comparatively high amounts of adenosine. A2A and A2B receptors have a high and a low affinity for adenosine respectively. Receptor Subtype A1 A2A A2B A3 Transduction mechanism Inhibits adenylyl cyclase Activates adenylyl cyclase Activates adenylyl cyclase Inhibits adenylyl cyclase Primary distribution Brain (cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus). Dorsal horn of spinal cord. Eye, adrenal gland, atria Spleen, thymus, leukocytes, blood platelets. Straitopallidal GABAergic neurons, olfactory bulb Caecum, colon, bladder Testis, mast cells Tissue functions Antinociception, Hypothermia. Sedation, Sleep, Inhibition of lipolysis, Cardio and neuroprotection Reflex tachycardia, vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, sleep protection against ischemia Relaxation of vascular and intestinal smooth muscle, cytokine production, inhibition of cell proliferation Mast cell degranulation, coronary vasodilation and protection from reperfusion Selective antagonists DPCPX PSB 36 SCH 58261 PSB 1115 potassium salt MRS 3777 hemioxalate Figure 1a: Summary of adenosine receptors. Adenosine and the enteric functions of the Gut The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of a compilation of neurons in the gastrointestinal nervous system which is capable of functioning independently of the central nervous system. It moderates motility, secretion, microcirculation, inflammatory and immune responses of the gastrointestinal tract (Altaf and Sood, 2008). The ENS is composed of extrinsic, which consists of parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions and the intrinsic component which encloses neurons. Intestinal functions results from an interaction between the ENS, smooth muscle and the mucosal/immune system. The network is regulated by several mediators; however there is consolidating evidence that adenosine is a significant regulating agent (Bueno, 2000) (Wood, 2004). Studies show that in the small intestine adenosine and adenosine derivatives where found to inhibit cholinergic transmission in guinea-pigs via a prejunctional action on neurotransmitter release (Gustafsson et al., 1978). The action of the A1 receptor s allowed mediation of the inhibitory action of adenosine in the cholinergic transmission(Shinozuka et al., 1985) of motor neurones innervating circular and longitudinal smooth muscle however A2A receptors have been reported to reduce the cholinergic motor responses(Gustafsson et al., 1985a; Gustafsson et al., 1985b). Histamine Histamine has a role as a primary transmitter or neuromodulator and it is widely distributed within mammalian tissues. (Izzo et al., 1998). Histamine is a vasoactive substance to be identified in the body which can rapidly metabolise and holds properties of being highly polar and not diffusing readily across cell membranes or the blood-brain barrier. It is stored in mast cells and basophils of blood and has two receptors known as H1 and H2. The release of histamine could cause changes in the cardiovascular system and induce anaphylactic shock. Histamine has been shown to induce gastric acid secretion through the H2 receptors linked to cyclic AMP production in oxyntic cells. Researches show that gastric cells of the guinea-pig may have a class of binding sites for histamine which shows no relationship to adenylate cyclase and the H2 receptor. Histamine creates a spasmogenic effect on the intestine that results from H1 receptor stimulation(Guy A. and Settipane, 1988-1989). There are three histamine subtypes known as H1, H2 AND H3 and all three have been identified to be present in the guinea pig small intestine. Studies show that H1 receptor subtypes mediate the contraction of the longitudinal muscle in the small intestine (Izzo et al., 1998). However researchers also state that the effect of histamine is predominantly due to the interaction with H1 receptors located on smooth muscle cells and moderately due to the interaction H2 receptors present on myenteric plexus interneurones (Bauer and Matusak, 1988). AIMS The aim is to confirm the prejunctional action of adenosine and examine whether adenosine has the additional ability to relax the smooth muscle directly. The project will use histamine to contract the smooth muscle and the objective is to find out whether adenosine can reduce these contractions and if so is the concentration range similar to that needed to inhibit the contractions to the electrical field-stimulation? It will also be investigated what adenosine receptor subtype is involved (A1, A2A, A2B, A3 identified using selective antagonists). METHOD Animals and preparation of tissue Dunkin Hartley guinea-pigs (250g +) of male sex that had previously been fed Harlan 2040, the guinea-pig diet and ad lib filtered tap water, were obtained from Harlan UK. They were group housed and provided with grade 6 woodchip and hay bedding. Their enrichment consisted of plastic and cardboard fun tunnels, plastic igloos and gnawing blocks. Furthermore they were kept at room temperatures of 19-23 °C and at room humidity of 45-65%. They were provided with 12 hours light and 12 hours of dark lighting. The guinea-pigs were stunned by a blow to the head and sacrificed by exsanguination. Two segments of 3cm length were removed from the distal part of the small intestine, for each tissue the ends were tied with cotton threads to the tissue holder and then suspended in 20ml organ baths containing Krebs solution (composition in mM: NaCl, 118; NaHCO3, 25; Glucose, 11; KCl, 4.7; CACl2, 2.5; KH2PO4, 1.18; MgSO4, 1.18). This was aerated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 and maintained at 37 °C. The tissues were left for 30minutes to equilibrate under a resting tension of 1g before starting the stimulation. Experimental protocol The organ baths were equipped with parallel electrodes which allowed electrical field stimulation to be transmitted at a frequency of 0.1Hz, 40V, 0.5ms pulse duration. Contractions of the ileum were measured with isometric transducers (ADInstruments Force Transducers), amplified and recorded onto a data capture system (Lab Charts on the PC). The tissues were allowed to stabilise in the organ baths in order to reach steady contractions. Figure 1b represents the experimental set up. C:UsersHomeDocumentsDSC00308.JPG Figure 1b shows the laboratory designed set up for the experiment, with a set of two organ baths. There were several parts (a-e) to the experiments to be carried out on the ileum. n is the number of ileum used throughout the experiment n=18. The number of experiments carried out on the ileum was 56. Effect of Adenosine-the experiment consisted of stimulating the tissues continuously with electrical field stimulation and adding cumulative concentrations of adenosine (10-11M 10-4M) to the organ baths and the responses were recorded. Effect of Histamine- the tissues were stimulated with histamine, cumulative concentrations of histamine (10-11M 10-4M) were added to the organ bath and responses were measured. The concentration 110-6M gave the maximum response and a steady contraction, it was used to contract the tissue with adenosine. Effect of Adenosine in the presence of Histamine- the concentration of histamine that gave the maximum and steady response was added to organ bath. The tissue was permitted to stabilise in order to reach steady contractions. Once reached, cumulative concentrations of adenosine were added (10-8M 10-4M) in order to observe the responses of the ileum to adenosine in the presence of histamine. Effect of PSB36(10-8M) SCH58261(10-7M) to confirm identity of receptors being investigated, cumulative dose-response curves for induced contractions by histamine were observed for adenosine in the presence of selective antagonists, PSB36 and SCH58261. An experiment was also carried out, which involved electrical field stimulation to contract the tissue, adenosine was added in the presence of these antagonists. Effect of Atropine Atropine concentrations of 10-6M 10-7M were added to establish the effects of atropine on the electrically field stimulated ileum. For each drug that was being tested except atropine, the experiment was repeated at least six times. The tissue was washed out three times at least after an experiment was completed and was allowed to recover before another experiment was carried out. The electrical field stimulation was also switched off each time the tissue was washed out. Chemicals and drugs The drugs that were used consisted of Adenosine hemisulphate salt, Histamine diphosphate salt and Atropine sulphate salt which were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK. PSB36 and SCH58261 and DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) were purchased from Tocris -Cookson, Bristol, UK. All drugs were dissolved in distilled water with exceptions of PSB36 AND SCH58261 which were diluted with DMSO.10ml of stock solution were made up in each case. Statistical Analysis All drug concentrations presented were final bath concentrations. The drug effects were expressed as twitch contraction (g). All data were given as means  ± S.E.M, where n represents the number of animals from which tissues were taken and on which observations were made. Inhibitory effects by adenosine in the field stimulated guinea pig ileum were measured and the responses of ileum twitch contraction were recorded for each concentration applied. This was repeated when using adenosine receptor antagonists. Adenosine responses were fitted onto concentration-response curve. Effects of histamine stimulated guinea pig ileum were also recorded. Adenosine responses and its receptor antagonist response were measured and plotted. 3.0 RESULTS a. b. Figure 2. The effect of adenosine concentrations in the guinea-pig ileum. Data are means  ±S.E.M and are expressed as an average of contractions (g). a. Representative traces showing inhibitory responses induced by adenosine. b. Concentration response curve for adenosine representing the average twitch response (g) when cumulative adenosine concentrations were added. Each point with bar represents the mean  ± S.E.M (n=6). Figure 3a: Original trace illustrating twitch response abolished by atropine 10-6M final bath concentration. b. c. Figure 3. Influences of atropine and potent and selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist PSB36 10-7M AND 10-8M on guinea-pig ileum. b. Twitch responses of the guinea-pig ileum preparation to electrical field stimulation in the presence of PSB36 10-7M (n=6) and PSB36 10-8M (n=4), compared to twitch responses to adenosine alone. The experiments carried out were not paired. Each point with bar represents the mean  ± S.E.M. c. Contractions of the guinea-pig ileum preparation stimulated by histamine in the presence of PSB36 10-7M (n=6) and PSB36 10-8M (n=4), compared to responses to adenosine when stimulated with histamine (n=6). The experiments carried out were not paired. Each point with bar represents the mean  ± S.E.M. a. b. Figure 4. Summarises the effect of potent and selective A2A adenosine receptor antagonist SCH58261 10-7M on guinea-pig ileum. a. Twitch responses of the guinea-pig ileum preparation to electrical field stimulation in the presence of SCH58261 10-7M (n=6), compared to twitch responses to adenosine alone. The experiments carried out were not paired. Each point with bar represents the mean  ± S.E.M. b. Contractions of the guinea-pig ileum preparation stimulated by histamine in the presence of SCH58261 10-7M (n=6), compared to responses to adenosine when stimulated with histamine (n=6). The experiments carried out were not paired. Each point with bar represents the mean  ± S.E.M. Figure5a. A concentration-response curve illustrating the effects of adenosine on the guinea-pig ileum when the tissue is stimulated with histamine. . Each point with bar represents the mean  ± S.E.M (n=6). Figure 5b. Responses of the guinea-pig ileum to cumulative concentrations of histamine. Each point with bar represents the mean  ± S.E.M (n=8). Electrical field stimulated guinea-pig ileum produced reproducible twitch responses to adenosine. Adenosine concentrations ranging from 10-8M final bath concentration caused concentration dependent inhibitory effects. Administration of increasing adenosine concentrations decreased electrically evoked acetylcholine release from the cholinergic nerve endings of the ileum (Figure2). Figure 2b clearly portrays that adenosine has no effect at low final bath concentrations of 10-11M. Atropine 10-6M final bath concentration abolished the twitch responses to electrical field stimulation confirming they were produced by cholinergic nerve stimulation (Figure3). In the presence of selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist PSB36 10-7M and 10-8M concentration and electrical field stimulation, the twitch responses to adenosine decreased, when adenosine was applied at higher concentrations, the twitch responses became smaller as acetylcholine release was inhibited and completely prevented by PSB36. Figure 3a shows the curve shifted to the right when PSB36 10-8 was administered compared to the curve of adenosine. When PSB36 10-7 was applied there is a slight shift of the curve to the right compared to the adenosine curve. The effects of the antagonist PSB36 are seen significantly at 10-8M final bath concentration as the shift of the curve is greater. The highest response the ileum produced was as at adenosine concentration of 1 x 10-8M, the responses lowered slightly at 1 x 10-6M and consequently decreased rapidly at 1 x 10-5M final bath concentrations. Histamine induces contractions in the ileum. Addition of cumulative concentrations of adenosine in the presence of PSB36 10-7M produced small responses compared to the contractions produced in the presence of PSB36 10-8M. The effect of PSB36 10-8M caused a rightward shift compared to the curve representing the effect of adenosine in the presence of histamine (Figure 3b). Electrically field stimulated ileum in the presence of the selective adenosine receptor competitive antagonist SCH58261 produced smaller responses (Figure 4a). Following administration of cumulative concentrations the responses decreased however produced no right shift in the dose response curve. Histamine excites the tissue causing it to contract and producing a high response, when adenosine is applied in the presence of SCH58261, the responses are inhibited and acetylcholine release is decreased and thus there is a decrease in the shape of the curve in Figure 4b. The results expressed in Figure 5a illustrate the inhibitory effects of adenosine in the ileum. Figure 5b illustrates the effects of histamine concentrations on the ileum. The experiment was carried out to investigate the best concentration to use so that a maximum and strong, reproducible contraction would be produced; the figure confirmed 110-6M final bath concentration to give the highest and steady contraction of the tissue. Moreover this permitted to obtain a dose-response curve for adenosine with histamine providing a suitable starting concentration for each drug at 110-8M. DISCUSSION The results of this present study show that adenosine plays an inhibitory role on muscular contractility in guinea-pig ileum. Adenosine prevents the neuroeffector transmission in guinea-pig ileum. The action of adenosine appeared to be cholinergic prejunctional in nature, this is portrayed when adenosine is applied to electrically field stimulated guinea-pig ileum(Gustafsson et al., 1985b). The action of adenosine on histamine stimulated guinea-pig ileum in the absence and presence of adenosine antagonists also indicates reduction in neuroeffector transmission however due to postjunctional action. The effect of adenosine on the guinea-pig ileum can be observed in Figure 2. Adenosine produced a dose-dependent depression on the response. It reduced the electrically evoked acetylcholine release from the ileum. A1 and A2 receptors have been reported to reduce acetylcholine release in the gastrointestinal tract(Tomaru et al., 1995). Adenosine released from neuronal endings is thought to have direct actions on smooth muscle as they illustrate relaxant neurotransmitters in the gastrointestinal tract(Storr et al., 2002). Atropine is a competitive antagonist for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, consequently when applied to the ileum at 10-6M final bath concentration; there is rapid inhibition of response confirming that the twitch responses were produced by cholinergic nerve stimulation. Adenosine inhibited the twitch response of the electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum preparation, in the presence of PSB36 10-8M final bath concentration there was a right shift in the adenosine curve thus interpreting that higher concentrations were required to lower the twitch response. The general trends that Figure 3a displays is that the curves have the same form; the linear proportions of the curves are parallel. The traces help to show the changes in the response curve to adenosine and adenosine selective receptor antagonist PSB36. There is a slight fall in tension when adenosine 310-7M was applied in the presence of PSB36 10-8M; however there was a rapid decrease when adenosine 110-5M was administered causing the right shift in the Figure. Upon cumulative additions of adenosine to field stimulated guinea pig ileum the concentration required to inhibit acetylcholine release was of 310-7M, the effects diminish once concentration of adenosine 110-5M was added providing evidence that adenosine has the ability to relax smooth muscle in the ileum. Since PSB36 is a potent and selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, the A2A receptors increase electrically induced twitch contractions in the guinea pig ileum, which contributes to assistance of acetylcholine release (Storr et al., 2002). The effects of adenosine in the presence of PSB36 10-7M 10-8M to histamine stimulated guinea pig ileum can be observed in Figure 3b. Histamine administration to the guinea pig ileum caused a tonic histamine contraction which was followed by after-relaxation response, and application of adenosine inhibited the acetylcholine release. The ileum responses were reduced significantly with lower concentrations of adenosine in the presence of PSB36 10-7M and 10-8M compared to the concentrations of adenosine required in the electrically field stimulated ileum confirming that A1 receptors are the subtype present in the guinea pig ileum which cause the inhibition of acetylcholine release. SCH58261 did not significantly affect the position of the rightward shift however additions of cumulative adenosine concentrations caused reduction in the tension produced by the ileum. Large standard error bars can be observed in the figures, these may be due to human handling errors, i.e. micropipetting errors, administrating less or more concentration of adenosine or antagonists. Protein build up causing contamination in organ baths can also contribute to acquiring inaccurate results. Particular cells of the tissue may have become inactive at that moment of time. Furthermore it could be that the piece of thread holding the tissue may have become loose i.e. equipment errors and consequently tension was not measured accurately. It could also be due to unknown errors. Evidence that adenosine inhibits cholinergic neuroeffector transmission in the ileum by a prejunctional action on acetylcholine release can be of functional importance as adenine compounds are released during stimulation of intestinal nerves (Tomaru et al., 1995). Antagonists selective for adenosine receptors are beneficial in the research treatment of numerous conditions including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. In summary, the present study has confirmed the existence of presynaptic A1 receptors on the parasympathetic nerve terminals in the guinea pig ileum which upon activation causes inhibition of electrically induced neurogenic, cholinergic twitch contractions.